Amashuri mu Rwanda n’impinduka yazanye

Amashuri ni amarerero atanga ubumenyi butandukanye yaba mu buhanga,umuco imyifatire n’ibindi.

Mu Rwanda kimwe n'ahandi hose hakolonijwe, amashuri ubwayo azana ikintu gishyashya. Hari imyumvire y'ibintu, gusobanukirwa ku bintu bimwe na bimwe kurusha abatarayagiyemo, ubuhanga n'ubumenyi bushya. Amashuri kandi ahindura imyifatire. Amashuri acyaduka si ko Abanyarwanda hose bumvise akamaro kayo. Muri rusange abategetsi babanje kuyasuzugura ku buryo birinze koherezamo abana babo. Akamaro kayo kumvikanye buhoro buhoro uhereye mu 1912. Ubusanzwe aho ariho hose amashuri azana ubusumbane mu bantu bitewe n'uko bamwe bayizemo abandi ntibayakozemo ikirenge. Mu Rwanda, amashuri y'amadini, cyane cyane aya Kiliziya gatolika, aruta ubwinshi aya Leta n'ay'andi madini.

Iby'amashuri turabireba mu byiciro bibiri:

• 1900-1930: mu mwaka wa 1900 ni bwo amashuri ya mbere yatangiye: Save na Nyanza atangijwe n'Abapadiri bera. Naho mu mwaka wa 1930, habaye amasezerano agenga amashuri abanza hagati ya Leta na Misiyoni z'abakristu; • 1930-1959: ibya 1930 bimaze gusobanurwa. ibyabaye mu wa 1959 nabyo birazwi.

1) 1900-1930:

Muri icyo gihe amashuri gatolika ni yo yari afite ireme, agaragara. Mu ntangiriro inyigisho zo mu ishuri zari zigamije guhindura Abanyarwanda abagatolika; Abapadiri mu byari bibashishikaje harimo gutanguranwa n'Abaporotestanti n'Abayisilamu mu kubona abayoboke. Nicyo gituma ibyigishwaga byari bikeya kubera ko Abapadiri batari bashishikajwe no gushyikiriza Abanyarwanda ubuhanga n'ubumenyi bushyashya uretse iby'idini. Dore ibyigishwaga: kwandika, gusoma (ariko usoma mu bitabo by'idini), imibare n'igiswahili bamwe na bamwe.

Muri uko gushaka abayoboke, Abapadiri bashatse n'ababafasha batangira kubategurira uwo murimo. Ibyo byatumye bashyiraho amatsinda yihariye (sections speciales/special divisions) mu mashuri abanza, ayo matsinda agategura abarimu n'abajya mu seminari. Abanyarwanda ba mbere bagiye mu seminari boherejwe i (Rubya mu burengerazuba bwa Tanzaniya y'ubu). Seminari nto yambere yubatswe mu Rwanda, i Nyaruhengeri (Kansi y'ubu) mu 1912. Nyuma yimukira i Kabgayi mu 1913.

Seminari nkuru nayo itangirira i Kabgayi, irimo abavuye i Hangiro (Tanzaniya yimukira mu Nyakibanda mu 1936 irimo Abanyarwanda, Abarundi n'Abanyekongo. Abapadiri ba mbere b'Abanyarwanda bagize ubuhanga mu by'idini, ubuhanga bungana n'ubw'Abazungu. Ikimenyimenyi ni nka Padiri Galikani Bushishi wamaze guhabwa ubupadiri mu by'i 1920, bidatinze agahita atorerwa kwigisha teolojiya (ubuhanga bw'iyobokamana) mu seminari nkuru hamwe n'Abapadiri bera.

Ayo mashuri yateguraga abapadiri ntiyarobanuraga Abahutu n'Abatutsi; n'ubwo hari abakunze kwandika ko mu myaka ya mbere abahawe ubupadiri bari Abahutu gusa. Ibyo ni uguhutiraho. Mu mwaka wa 1913, i Kabgayi n'i Rwaza Abapadiri bafunguye amashuri agenewe Abatutsi iruhande rw'ayigwagamo n'Abahutu. Babigishaga kwandika, gusoma (mu bitabo by'idini) n'igiswahili. Nta nyigisho y'idini yari iteganijwe ukwayo. Mu mwaka wa 1914, i Kigali, Abapadiri bera bari bafite ishuli rigenewe Abatutsi iruhande rw'amashuli y'Abahutu. Iryo shuli baryitaga ishuri ry'intore. Iryo shuri ryahagaze mu 1932, kandi ryatanze abatware (shefu na sushefu). Impamvu zatumye amashuri y'Abatutsi ashyirwaho ni izi:

• Impamvu ya mbere ni ukubahiriza amabwiriza ya Cardinal Charles Lavigerie washinze umuryango w'Abapadiri bera. Yabategetse ko bazahindura abantu abakristu bahereye ku batware kandi ari bo bifashishije kugira ngo babone bitabagoye abayoboke benshi cyane. Abapadiri bera bageze mu Rwanda, mu gukurikiza ayo mabwiriza biyumvisha ko abatware bari Abatutsi gusa, kandi atariko byari bimeze n'ubwo mu gice kinini cy'u Rwanda abari abatware mu rwego rwo hejuru abenshi bari Abatutsi (reba nk'umugereka 3).

• Impamvu ya kabiri yo gushyiraho amashuri y'Abatutsi ni uko bakigera mu Rwanda Abapadiri bashyize mu bikorwa ibyari mu nyandiko z'abazungu baje bashaka gutahura amasoko y'uruzi rwa Nil cyangwa hari ibindi bagamije: nka Speke, von Gotzen na Kandt.

Muri izo nyandiko banditsemo bahimba ko Abatutsi bazi ubwenge kurusha Abahutu, ko ari bo bashobora gutegeka, ko nta n'igitangaje kuko ngo bari bafitanye isano n'abazungu, kurya baturutse mu Misiri, Caucase, Ethiopia... Ibyo ni byo byitwa "hypothese hamitique" (hamitic hypothesis): ivuga ko ibyiza bikorwa n'abantu bari muri aka karere k'ibiyaga bigari bitashobora gukorwa n'abirabura tsiritsiri, ko ahubwo byahimbwe n'Abatutsi n'abandi bameze nkabo.

Amashuri ya Leta

• Ishuri ry'i Nyanza

Iryo shuri ryatangiye mu w'i 1919; mbere y'uwo mwaka Abapadiri bera bari bahafite ishuri rivaho kubera intambara. Ni ryo shuri rya mbere Leta mbiligi yashyizeho kandi ryari rigenewe Abatutsi. Ariko akenshi baryitaga ishuri ry' "abana b'abatware", ubundi bakongeraho "n'abandi batutsi". Ryahagaze mu wa 1935, nyuma y'aho ishuri ryisumbuye rya "Groupe scolaire” ry’Astrida ritangiriye.

Iryo shuri ry'i Nyanza ryari rifite inshingano zikurikira: kwigisha abazaba abatware, abazaba abakarani (secrétaires), n'abarimu bazigisha mu mashuri ya Leta. Mu mwaka wa 1959, ku ba shefu 48 batwaraga, 14 gusa bari abize Astrida (Butare), abandi ari abize muri Iryo shuri rya Leta ry'i Nyanza no mu yandi mashuri. Muri icyo gihe benshi mu ba sushefu ni abari barize muri Iryo shuri ry'i Nyanza. Biragaragara ko iryo shuri rya Leta mbiligi, ryo mu rwego rw'amashuli abanza, ryagize uruhare rukomeye mu mitegekere y’u Rwanda.

• Andi mashuri

Ku itariki ya 1/01/1930, Leta y'u Rwanda yagiranye amasezerano na Kiliziya y'abakristu (gatolika n'abaporotestanti) yerekeye ku mashuri y'amatorero afashwa na Leta(enseignement libre subsidie). Ibyo byatumye abanyeshuli bagenda baba benshi cyane mu mashuri y' Abagatolika. Ariko nta nkurikizi, iyo ari yo yose, ku bumwe bw'Abanyarwanda. Ahubwo kimwe mu byahungabanyije ubwo bumwe ni ishuri ryitwaga "Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida" (Butare) ryayoborwaga "Freres de la Charite" (Abafurere b'urukundo), rikaba ryarafunguye imiryango mu wa 1932.

Iryo shuri ryisumbuye ryayoborwaga n'Abihayimana rigafashwa na Leta by'umwihariko ryari rigamije gutegura abafasha b'Ababiligi mu nzego zinyuranye: abavuzi b'abantu n'ab'amatungo, abagoronome, abasekereteri n'abazaba abashefu (section administrative). Ureste iyo segisiyo y'ubutegetsi bwite (administration) yigwagamo n'abana b'abashefu, izindi zose abazigagamo bari bavanze (Abahutu n'Abatutsi). Ariko guhera mu wa 1932 kugera mu wa 1959, Abatutsi ni bo bakunze kuba benshi. Kwemeza ko bamwe bari benshi abandi bakaba bake bishingiye ku mibare yaturutse mu gitabo bandikagamo amazina y'abinjira buri mwaka banandikaho ko ari Abahutu cyangwa Abatutsi.

Abarangizaga muri iryo shuri bose, Abategetsi b'Ababiligi n'Abafurere babareze babitagaho cyane, kugirango bakomeze kuba "Indatwa" (iryo ni izina bari bafite), bityo bisumbukuruze abandi Banyarwanda (elite). Barangizaga bafite umwuga bagahita bakorana n'Abazungu. Bagahabwa amazu bacumbikamo, mu mijyi nka Kigali na Astrida (Butare), bakagira ahantu hihariye batura ku buryo bativanga n'abandi Banyarwanda.

Abavuye mu iseminari bo nta mwuga ugaragara bari bazi. Uretse bamwe na bamwe b'Abatutsi bafashwaga na bene wabo Bagahabwa ubusushefu, n'abandi bake babaga abarimu mu mashuri abanza, abenshi barandagaraga. Ababishoboraga bajyaga hanze nka Usumbura, Bukavu. Uko kwandagara kw'abavuye mu iseminari kwavuyemo akantu k'ishyari kubera ko ubutegetsi bwa gikoloni butari bubitayeho. Ahubwo bigijweyo (marginalisation/frustration). Ubwo busumbane ni kimwe mu byateye amakimbirane hagati y'abize (elites) mbere ya 1959.

Mu mwaka wa 1948 habaye ivugurura ry'amashuri mato n'ayisumbuye muri Kongo mbiligi na Ruanda-Urundi. Iryo vugurura umuntu yarivugaho byinshi. Icyo twavuga muri make ni icyateye ubusumbane mu bahungu n'abakobwa. Mu gihe abahungu bashoboraga kwiga mu masegisiyo y'imyuga n'ay'inyigisho rusange (enseignement generalisé), abakobwa bo ahanini bagombaga kujya muri za segisiyo zihariye bigamo bike, ngo byazabafasha kumenya gufata urugo neza ku buryo buboneye umugore n'umubyeyi. Urugero ni nk'uko batigaga igifaransa: mu bya 1955 ni ho bene ayo mashuri yihatiye kwigisha agafaransa.

Nyuma y'aho Inama Nkuru y'Igihugu itangiriye imirimo mu kwezi kwa kabili 1954, ikibazo cy'ubusumbane mu myanya y'amashuri hagati y'Abahutu n'Abatutsi mu mashuri yisumbuye, cyagiweho impaka muri ba "elites", amaherezo ikibazo gishyikirizwa iyo nama. Nta mwanzuro yigeze ifata kuri Icyo kibazo, kuko yari Inama ngishwanama kandi Icyo kibazo cyaragombaga gukemurwa n'Abategetsi b'Abazungu.

Ikindi ni uko amashuli y'icyo gihe yayoborwaga n'abanyamadini. Bimwe mu bibazo by'ingenzi byahungabanyije ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda mbere na mbere ni akazi (corvees/forced labor) n'isumbanya ry'Abanyarwanda mu mashuri no mu butegetsi. Bizwi ko amashuri ari yo atuma umuntu ashobora kubona akazi bitamugoye nk'utayagezemo, cyane amashuri yigisha umwuga.