Amatwara y’Ibihugu –Nkiko by’urwa Gasabo

Iyo bavuze Ibihugu –Nkiko ,baba bashatse kuvuga ibihugu bihana imbibi n’igihugu iki n’iki.Ibihugu –Nkiko bivugwa aha ,bikaba ari ibyari bituranye n’u Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo.Mu bihugu –nkiko by’u Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo ,byari bifite imitegekere itandukanye n’Ingoma Nyiginya ariyo yari iganje mu rwa Gasabo.Ari Ingoma –Mpinza n’Ingoma Mpima ,imitegekere yabo yose yari imwe.

Igihugu kikiri amashyamba ya kimeza y’inzitane,abaturage babanje kuba mu miryango,bakagira Umutware w’umuryango ari nawe muyobozi w’ikirenga ufata ibyemezo byo kubungabunga no gusigasira ubusugire bw’Umuryango akuriye.Noneho uko imiryango yagiye yororoka ,ni nako yagiye yunguka indi mitegekere.Kugeza ubwo Abatware b’imiryango babaye benshi .

Nibwo abahuje ubwoko n’inkomoko bagiye barema Ingoma yabo ikagira Umwami,abandi bakaba Abatware bamufashaga kuyobora abaturage.Akaba ariyo mpamvu usanga Ingoma iyin’iyi yarayoborwaga n’ubwoko ubu n’ubu,nanone ugasanga ibihugu byinshi biyoborwa n’ubwoko bumwe .Aha twatanga nk’urugero rw’Abasinga bagengaga Ibihugu bisaga 12.

Umwami yagabanyaga abana be igihugu cyangwa abo bava inda imwe.Uwagabanye agahugu akakabamo nk’Umwami, abana be bakagakuranwamo iteka, bakemera Umwami bakamukeza.Umwami ntawe yanyagaga igihugu cye, icyo yarushaga abo bandi ni Ingoma y’Ingabe.Umutware yaterwaga n’undi wo mu kindi gihugu akirwanaho akimaramariza. Izo Ngoma zagengaga u Rwanda mbere y’umwaduko w’Abanyiginya.Mu itsitsurana ry’abamaraniraga ingoma, abatsindwaga bakarekerwa ingoma bari Abami b’Abahinza.Nta Mwami w’Umunyiginya watsindwaga ngo agumane Ingoma.Ibyo bihugu byose byarimo Ingoma z’Abahinza n’Ingoma z’Abahima, hakaziraho Ingoma y’I Gasasabo yagengwaga n’Abanyiginya

Ingabe z’Abahinza

Izina Abahinza ryakomotse ku ngoma zo mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’ u Rwanda rugari rwa Gasabo.Abami b’ibyo bihugu bibandaga cyane ku buhinzi,ari nayo nkomoko y’izina ryabo,bakibanda cyane ku mihango gakondo y’umuco karande ikoma ku mbuto no ku buhinzi.Ariko ku mwaduko w’ingoma Nyiginya nibwo babise Abahinza byo kwerekana isumbwe ingoma Nyiginya irusha ingoma Mpinza ,ndetse bikanagaragaza itandukaniro ry’imirimo bitagaho cyane.Dore ko Ingoma Nyiginya yo yitaga ku bworozi ,cyane cyane inka.Impugu z’Abahinza zo zirondaga amoko ,zikisanzura zikonda amashyamba, zikagengwa n’abakuru b’imiryango.

Muri ibyo bihe nyine byo hambere ,impunyu ziberaga mu mashyamba zigatungwa n’ibyufi n’umuhigo.Abakonde babaga baje gukonda amashyamba bahongeraga izo mpunyu amaturo bitaga[Urwugururo].Ubwo Abakonde ishyamba bakariturira,bakaritutira,bakaritsura,bakaritamururamo indeka, bagashyira bagatura bagatunga ,bagatunganirwa, bamara kugwiza amaboko abari abakuru b’imiryango bakaba abami bakagira n’ingabo zabo.Abazigaba bakagira Umwami wabo,Abagesera bakagira umwami wabo bityo,bityo……..

Abo bose bari Abami b’impugu zabo, bakibanda na none k’umuco karande w’ubuhinzi no ku mihango gakondo ikoma ku mbuto y’imyaka y’ubuhinzi.Ariko k’umwaduko w’ingoma nyiginya,niho Abami b’Abanyiginya baje kubita Abahinza byo kwerekana isumbwe ry’ingoma Nyiginya ku ngoma Mpinza bari bamaze kwigarurira.Mu bami b’Abahinza habagamo Abami b’Abakonde,Abami b’impinga ,Abami b’Imvura n’Abami b’Amatungo.

Abami –bakonde

Abakonde bari abantu b’abavantara bibasiraga gutema ishyamba, bakariha imbibi bagatura mu giteme cyaryo bazitizaga imiko n’imivumu cyangwa urusasa, maze iyo ndeka bazitije urubibi rw’ibiti n’ibivumu ikitwa [Ubukonde] cyangwa se imirima gakondo bahingaga, bakayatira abagererwa. Impunyu nizo bavuga ko zatuye mbere mu mashyamba ziyigabanyije umuryango ukagira icyanya cyawo undi icyawo ,ukaba ari naho uhigira.Abandi baje batema amashyamba bakayahinga babita “Abakonde “biturutse ku murimo baje bakora wo gutema amashyamba ya kimeza bakayahinga.Abakonde baje bakonda ishyamba,bakaba baragiraga ituro ry’umutware w’Impunyu ryitwaga “URWUGURURO “ ,kugirango babone uburenganzira bwo gukonda ishyamba cyangwa kwegeka mo imizinga ,batatanga rya turo imizinga igaseswa cyangwa se imyaka ikononwa. Abakonde bamaraga gukomeza umuryango, umukuru w’umuryango ubagenga akitwa Umwami , aho banesherejwe n’Abami b’Abanyiginya babita Abahinza byo kuvuga abo rubanda ikesha uburumbuke bw’imyaka.Abahinza bari abakuru b’imiryango bagategeka bene wabo.Ntabwo bamaraniraga kwungura igihugu cyabo ,umuntu yagumanaga abo bava inda imwe .Kwagura igihugu cyabo byaterwaga no gutura ahegereye ishyamba bakarikonda. Uko bakonda ishyamba, bagira n’amahirwe yo kwororoka, umuryango ukaba munini.Haca amasekuruza menshi cyane, Umwami wabo akaba afite umuryango munini ukomeye.

Abagererwa bo bakaba rubanda rw’abadeshyi bisungaga abakonde kugirango babone uko bahinga.Ubwo rero abakonde bakabagerera ,bakabatira ariko ku masezerano y’insokeshwa.Insokeshwa cyabaga ari icyatamurima cyatangwaga ku mwaka nako ku musaruro, isuka ,ihene cyangwa se imyaka.Ubwo rero ku gihe cy’umusaruro ,umugererwa yarasokaga ,agasokera Umukonde .

Abakonde n’Abagererwa baturaga hamwe bakiremamo ibisagara ku butumburuke bw’imisozi, imibande igahingwa, ibyanya bikaragirwamo amatungo, urusasa rugacinyira ingo.Imiryango yamaraga kugwiza amaboko ikitoramo Umwami n’Ingoma-ngabe yabaga ari nk’isoko y’umutekano w’abaturage n’inganzo y’uburumbuke bw’igihugu. Umwami akaba umuhuza w’ingoma na rubanda. Igihugu cyabaga kinini ari uko Ingoma y’Umuhinza runaka irusha abandi ishyamba.Umwami wese yakondeshaga ishyamba rye, ryarangira agahinira aho , akahatera urubibi n’amateke cyangwa se rw’ibikangaga ahari mu bishanga by’urugano.

Bene wabo b’abo bahinza bakoreshaga ikoro ry’ibyo bahingaga byose aho byereye.Abo bahinza nabo bakagira ibirori byo kuvuma ibyonona imyaka byose, bagahabwa n’umuganura ukagirirwa ibirori nawo. Abahinza baremye u Rwanda mu ikonda ry’ishyamba ryari rirutwikiriye.Bagiraga Ingoma kuko ariyo kirango cy’ubwami mu bihugu by’Abirabura ba Afurika iyi yacu.Dore nk’Abahinza b’I Mabanza mu Bwishaza batwaraga Ubwisahaza n’Ubudaha, Ingoma yabo yari GIHUGU. NKANDAGIYABAGOME yari iy’Abahinza b’I Mushishiro, KAYENZI yahoranye Abahinza b’I Bugamba mu Cyingogo. SIMUGOMWA ikaba iy’Abahinza batwaraga mu Cyingogo

Habaga ubwo Abami basubiranagamo bapfa imbibi.Mu mwaka w’1923 ingabo za Nyamakwa wategekaga Ubushiru zarwanye n’iza Rukaburacumu wategekaga Ubwanamwari agashaka no kugerekaho Ubushiru.Nibwo barasaniye I Nyamitanzi ho muri Giciye (ubu ni mu Karere ka Nyabihu), ibikenya hagwa 12. Abakonde bari biganje mu turere duteganye n’ibirunga, bakagira n’ingabe z’impugu z’impugu zabo.Dore Ingabe z’ingenzi z’ibyo bihugu.

• Iravumera Yari ingabe yo mu Bugamba ho mu Kingogo
• Nyamwishyura yari Ingabe yo mu Cyanzarwe ho mu Bugoyi
• Ruvugamahame yari Ingabe yo mu Bukonya
• Nkunzubushiru yari Ingabe yo mu Bushiru
• Bazaruhabaze yari Ingabe yo ,u Ruhengweri rw’Umurera
• Kabuce yari Ingabe yo mu Rwankeri
• Rugoruhindingoma yari Igabe yo mu Bwanamwari

Umuhoro utaraduka , Abakonde bakondeshaga [Inkonzo],aho umuhoro ubonekeye ,bagakondesha umuhoro,ariko babanje kubona uburenganzira bw’Impunyu zagengaga amashyamba. Ubwo burenganzira bwajyanaga nk’uko twabibonye n’[Urwugururo] rwabaga ari ituro umukonde yaturaga kugirango nyirishyamba arimwugururire,amwemerere kuritura no kuritutira. Mu Bami –Bakonde uwamamaye cyane ni Nyamakwa II Nditunze wariho ku ngoma ya Kigeri IV Rwabugiri , nk’uko tubisanga mu nyandiko P.Powelisi aho atumenyesha Nyamakwa Umuhinza w’Umushiru n’Icyegera cye Kidahiro.

Abami b’Impinga

Mu mpugu za kera z’u Rwanda ubuhanuzi bw’abupfumu bwari bufite umwanya ukomeye mu mibereho no mu migenzereze ya rubanda.Bamwe mu Bami ba kera abantu babakekagaho kuba abana b’Imana n’intumwa zayo.Iyo mvugo yogeye cyane cyane ku Bami b’Ababanda b’I Nduga n’Abakoma bo mu Marangara,bari abapfumu bamamaye

• Nkoma wa Nkondogoro ubyara Abakoma yari umupfumu w’icyatwa wo mu Marangara (Komini Mushubati, ubu ni mu Karere ka Muhanga )
• Mashira wa Nkuba ya Sabugabo yari Umwami akaba n’umupfumu w’ikirangirire w’I Nduga y’Ababanda.Impinga ye yari izwi hose .Mibambwe Mutabazi yaramwitabaje ku gitero cya kabiri cy’Abanyoro Mashira amuhanurira [Intsinzi z’Abanyoro].Nduga yari yiganjemo ubwoko bukomeye bw’Ababanda , akaba ari nayo mpamvu bahitaga ‘’Nduga nkuru ya Kibanda’’ Ingabe yabo ikaba Nyabihinda.

-Ababanda nibo umukurambere BGAYI witiriwe KABGAYI akomokamo (Kabgayi=Agasozi ka BGAYI) Bakaba barahitaga ‘’Inteko ya Bene –Impinga /Amayira y’Imana ni amabanga!’’

Abami b’imvura

Abavubyi babaga ari abantu babashaga kugwisha imvura iyo yabaga yahagamye,no kuyica iyo yabaga yaciye ibintu,rubanda bagahonga amasororo kugirango abavubyi bakunde bamanure imvura cyangwa se kugirango batume yohoka. Umuvubyi yavubaga imvura ahuhera mu museke ukavuga Nk’inkokera, ngo ubwo arahamagara imvura cyangwa ngo arayica. Abavubyi bo ha mbere bavugwaga cyane ni Ndagano wo mu Bukunzi ho mu Kinyaga watanze mu w’1923, n’ab’ I Tumba mu Busigi hateganye n’Umusezero wa Kayenzi hakurya ya Rurinda. Abavubyi b’I Busigi bagiraga amazina y’icyubahiro:

• Nyamikenke
• Minyaruko
• Nyamigezi.Ingabe yabo yari Nyamuganza

Abami b’amatungo

Abami b’imbuto n’amatungo, umurwa wabo wari Suti mu Bunyambiriri; igihugu bagengaga kikaba Itabire –Bunyambiriri.Ikirangabwoko cyabo cyari Inumvu 3 z’Inumbiri:

• Gitare
• Bihogo
• Busarure

Abami b’imbuto n’amatungo bagiraga imihango yo guhosha ibyorezo by’indwara n’inzara.Bagiraga amazina y’icyubahiro cy’ubwami:

• Gisurere
• Tegera
• Rukambura

Ingabe yabo yari Nkunzurwanda. Mu bami b’imbuto n’amatungo, uzwi cyane mu mateka ni Batsinda Gisurere IV (watanze yarabatijwe Ildephonse) mu w’1983.Yari atuye I Nyamirishyo h’I Suti ya Banege , mu Bunyambiriri.

Hari n’abahoryo bamwe na Batsinda: Muhumuza wari utuye I Muyange h’I Kinunu mu Kanage , na Rwanyange wari utuye I Gihara h’I Mabanza mu Bwishaza.Muhumuza yategekaga Akanage ,naho Rwanyange agategeka Ubwishaza. Umwuga w’Abami b’imbuto n’amatungo wari uwo:

• Gutanga amasubyo yo kuvura amahumane
• Gutanga ibyuhagiro by’inka n’imyaka
• Gutanga imvura yarabuze, abahinzi bakazana amasororo, bagahabwa ibyuhagiro

by’imbuto, imyaka ikagera i mushike.

• Kuvuma inzige n’ubundi busimbabutera mu myaka bukayangiza nka za Kagungu

Abo bami babitaga Abahinza kuko bitaga ku matungo no ku myaka ya rubanda,ariko iyo mvugo yogeye ku ngoma Nyiginya. Mu by’ukuri , Ingoma Mpinza n’imitekerereze yazo niyo yatazuriye itegura Ingoma zindi zadutse nyuma. Ingoma Mpima

Abahima badukanye inka,barwubatse ku mutwe,bagatura aho inka zabo ziraye,ari nako bagendana n’urugo rwabo rwose.Bageze mu by’ino,aho baragiye inka zabo bakabagiramo abagaragu.Yamara kugwiza abagaragu be bakamubera amaboko yo kumuyoborera ba Bahinza,akabaha inka ,bakaryoherwa bagatabara shebuja,nabo bagatera undi muhinza,bityo ,bityo igihugu kiriyongera mu bugari.Uko inka ibatsindira ibihugu ,ikabaha n’amaboko.

Nyamara kandi Umuhinza yamaraga gutsindwa , bakamurekera aho ,akaguma kugira imihango ye ya Gihinza ari nako ayoboka uwamutsinze.Abahinza ba kera bagumyeho bagumana n’ingoma zabo,abatari bazifite ,bagumana imihango yabo y’Ubuhinza.Imiryango y’Abahima yari ifite ibihugu mu Rwanda rw’ibyo bihe bya kera ni iyi ng’iyi : ABENENGWE ABASINGA ABAZIGABA ABABANDA ABONGERA ABAHINDA n’ABAGARA

• Abenengwe Igihugu cy’Abenengwe cyari muri Perefegitura ya Butare na Gikongoro (ubu ni mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo mu Turere twa Nyaruguru , Nyamagabe , Huye na Gisagara ):Icyo gihugu cyari kibumbye :

Ubusanza

Ubufundu

Nyaruguru

Nyakare

Bashumba

Buyenzi

Igihugu cy’Abenengwe cyitwaga Ubungwe,na n’ubu akarere ko mu Bisi bya Huye kitwa Ubungwe.Ingoma yabo y’Ingabe yitwaga Nyamibande.Aho batsindiwe yafashwe mpiri ,ijya I bwami .Ariko hanyuma yarariboye “Bayitera imikwege ,bituma bayita Rwuma “ Mu Bami b’Abenengwe ,uwari ku ngoma ku mwaduko w’Abanyiginya yari Rwamba wari wubatse Nyakizu mu Bashumba ( Ubu ni mu Karere ka Gisagara ),Undi ni Samukende ,umugabo wa Nyagakecuru ,n’umuhungu we Rubuga watsinzwe igihugu cye kikagarurwa n’u Rwanda.

• Abasinga

Abasinga bari ugutatu :

-Abasangwabutaka, Abanyiginya basanze bategeka

-Abanukamishyo, bazanye n’umutware wabo Runukamishyo

-Abagahe, baturutse mu Bugahe bw’I Ndorwa hanyuma y’Abanukamishyo.

Abagiraga ingoma ni Abasangwabutaka, ari nabo bita “Ababyara-bami” kuko bigeze kubonekamo Abagabekazi mu itangira ry’Ingoma Nyiginya. Abasangwabutaka ni abaturage babanje gutura uru Rwanda mbere y’abandi bose, bakaba baraje bagasanga u Rwanda rwose ari amashyamba kimeza y’imifatangwe n’ibindi biti by’amahwa by’amoko menshi. Iryo zina bakaba bararihawe mu gihe cy’umwaduko w’ingoma Nyiginya, ubwo abami b’izindi mpugu bazaga kubasaba ubutaka bwo guhingamo no kororeramo, amateka akaba agaragaza ko mu itangira ryabo bari impunyu zibera mu ishyamba zitunzwe no guhiga. Abasangwa-butaka mu mateka y’impugu zaremye u Rwanda ,bari abaturage bo muri izo mpugu nyine ku mwaduko w’ingoma –ngabe Nyiginya ,ubwo yigaruriraga izo mpugu.Amateka y’uruhererekane iyo ahereye ku bwoko,abasangwabutaka atubwira yuko batari Abasinga bonyine,ahubwo harimo n’abanadi aribo: Abazigaba n’Abagesera;yahera ku gisekuru akatubwira ko hari Abarenge,Abongera n’Abenengwe,akagusha no ku Ngabe zabo. Umwe mu Bami b’Abasinga w’igihangange wamamaye ni Rurenge, niwe bakurijeho rya zina ryo kwitwa ABARENGE

Abarenge yari inzu ivamo Abami babo.Igihe cy’Umwaduko w’Abanyiginya Umwami wabo yari Jeni ya Rurenge wari utuye ku Rwerere rw’I BugoyI (ubu ni mu Karere ka Burera ) Ingoma yabo y’Ingabe yitwaga “MPATSIBIHUGU”.Ibihugu by’Abasinga (Burwi ) byateruriraga Mvejuru ,Buhanga –Ndara bikazana Nduga yose ,bikagarurwa na Nyabarongo na Mukungwa (mu burasirazuba ),bigasesera mu Bugoyi n’inyuma y’I Birunga mu bya Gishari ,bigahera no mu Bunyambiriri bikagarurwa n’I Kivu.

• Ababanda Ababanda baturutse mu bya Bwanacyambwe ,batunguka mu Nduga harateye amapfa.Bakihagera imvura iragwa ,Rubanda barashika babazanira amasororo .Umutware wabo arayanga ati :Keretse mu nzaniye Kimezamiryango cya Rurenge (niwe Musinga wayoboraga Nduga icyo gihe )niwe wabiciye imvura.Abanyanduga barabyemera batera Kimezamiryango apfana nabe bose .Wa mutware w’Ababanda yiha icyo gihugu ,arimbura Abasinga bakomeye kugirango batazamwiganzura .Abamuzunguye bakomeye ni Sabugabo n’umuhungu we Nkuba n’Umwuzukuru we Mashira .Ababanda Ingoma y’ingabe yabo yitwaga Nyabahinda .Usibye ko Ingoma yabo itamaze kabiri yigaruriwe na Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I ahasaga mu w’1411.

• AbongeraAbongera batwaraga ibihugu byo mu Bwanacyambwe n’u Buriza .Uturere batwaraga ni ahari u Bumbogo , u Banacyambwe ,u Buriza n’u Busigi .Ingoma y’Ingabe yitwaga Kamuhagama.
• AbazigabaAbazigaba bari mu mahugu ya Ruguru ya Muhazi bakerekeza mu Mutara.Batwaraga mu Rweya igihe Abanyiginya badutse mu by’ino.Ingoma yabo ikitwa Sera.
• AbahindaAbahinda ,iryo zina ryabo rikomoka ku mwami wabo wa mbere witwaga Ruhinda,waremye igihugu kimwe cyakomatanyaga Ndorwa ,u Bunyambo,Gisaka , Kalagwe n’u Bujinja.Ubwoko bwe yari Umugesera,nk’Abahinda bo muri ibyo bihugu.Ibihugu by’Abahinda biri mu Rwanda ni Mirenge ,Gihunya,Migongo byo mu Gisaka,Ingabe yabyo ikitwa Rukurura.Mubari aricyo Mazinga cyahoze ari igihugu ukwacyo.Ingabe yacyo ikaba Babasi yaturutse I Kalagwe.
• AbagaraAbagara ni abo kwa Nzira ya Muramira.Babita Abagara kuko batwaraga U Bugara,Ingoma yabo yitwaga Rugara.

Igihugu cy’u Bugara cyari mu mahugu akikije imigezi ya Burera n’iya Ruhondo ho mu Ruhangeri.Babumbaga ibihugu biri hagati ya Mukungwa na Base ,bigaterura na Gahunga k’I Murera,bikarenguka mu Ndorwa y’u Bushengero no mu Bufumbira.Impugu dusigaranye z’icyo gihugu ni Bukonya,Kibali,Buberuka,Bugarura,Bukama-Ndorwan’igice cy’u Murera.Ibindi byaguye mu by’Abongereza bategekaga amahugu yo hakurya aho.

Ng’izo Ingoma zagengaga u Rwanda mbere y’umwaduko w’Abanyiginya.Mu itsitsurana ry’abamaraniraga ingoma, abatsindwaga bakarekerwa ingoma bari Abami b’Abahinza.Nta Mwami w’Umunyiginya watsindwaga ngo agumane Ingoma.

Abahima bagitangira baremye ibihugu bigari.Bamaze kubirema, byemera ingoma bihuriyeho.

hifashishijwe

• Inganji Kalinga I, Kabgayi 1943 (KAGAME Alexis)
• Inganji Karinga Ed. Kagbayi (Myr Kagame Alexis 1959)
• Le Rwanda ancien et modern, Kabgayi 1959 (LOUIS de Lacger)
• Un abrege de l’Ethino- Histoire du Rwanda, Butare 1972 (KAGAME Alexis)
• Amateka y’Afurika, Kigali 1987 (MUREKUMBANZE Gr.)
• Le Bushiru et son Muhinza (M.Pauwels)
• Ingoma I Rwanda 1992 (P.SIMPENZWE Gaspard)
• Le Bushiru et son Muhinza (M.Pauwels)