Guhimba wandika
Guhimba wandika mu Kinyarwanda,ni uburyo umuhanzi runaka ageza ku bandi akari k’umutima.Ibyo akabikora amaze kubitekerezaho neza,akagira icyo avuga asobanura yandika.Guhimba ntibikorwa mu cyuka,umuntu yandika buri gihe afite ubutumwa yiyumvamo bwo kugeza ku bandi.Inyandiko igira icyanga bitewe n’icyo umwanditsi yandika,abo agenera umwandiko n’ikeshamvugo yakoresheje.Mu gihe umu8hanzi agaragaza ibitekerezo bye,agaragaza akoresheje imvugo isukuye isendereye ikeshamvugo .Mbere yo guhimba wandika ,hari byinshi umuntu yitaho :
- Kujya mu nganzo
- Kunguka ibitekerezo
- Gushaka ingingo zikomeye
- Gushaka imvugo isukuye n’amagambo yabugenewe
Mbese umuhanzi agomba kubanza gusobanukirwa neza n’interuro afitemo umurimo agashaka izindi nyandiko zishobora kumufasha ,akareba niba hari icyo agomba kongera cyangwa gukura mu gitekerezo cye.
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Kwandika
Mu gihe cyo kwandika ,umwanditsi ashyira kuri gahunda iboneye ibyo yakusanyije mbere yo kwandika .Iki cyiciro kigira ibice bitatu by’ingenzi,ari nabyo bigize imbata y’umawndiko.
- Interuro : Mu nteruro umanditsi avuga muri make icyamuzinduye,ariko agerageza kugaragaza intego mu rwego rwo gutera umusomyi amatsiko.Umuhimbyi yereka umusomyi icyo ashaka kuvuga n’inzira ari bunyuremo.
- Igihimba :Ni igice k’ingenzi kigizwe n’ikoraniro ry’ibika bibumbatiye ingingo zinyuranye z’umwandiko wose.Buri gika kiba gifite ingingo y’ingenzi ,kandi gihimbitse ku buryo bw’inyurabwenge n’ubwuzuzanye.Igika kiba kigizwe n’interuro nyinshi zikurikiranye kandi ku buryo buri nteruro iba ifite icyo yongera.Igika gishobora gutangirwa n’ingingo y’ingenzi,hanyuma ikagenda isobanura buhoro,buhoro.Muri make ,igihimba ni ikopraniro ry’ubusobanmuro mu magambo arambuye , bw’ibyavuzwe mu nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe mu nteruro.
- Umusozo (Umwanzuro) : Ni igice gisoza umwandiko gitanga umwanzuro w’ibyavuzwe byose cyangwa se igisubizo cy’ibibazo byatanzwe mu mwandiko ,ariko mu magambo make.Mu musozo niho hagaragara Inama n’inyunganizi ku bintu bimwe na bimwe umuhanzi aba yavuze mu mwandiko we
Nyuma yo kwandika
Iyo kwandika birangiye ,umwanditsi asubira mu mwandiko we yitonze ,kugirango arebe neza niba ibyo yanditse bivugitse ku buryo busobanutse, areba ibyo ashobora kongeramo cyangwa gukuramo,agira ngo arusheho kunoza umwandiko we.Ashobora no kubiha abandi bakabijora ,kuko n’ubundi « Nta mwiza wisoma ».
Ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa
Ikeshamvugo ni ubuhanga umuhanzi akoresha anoza imihimbire ,ku buryo abo agenera ibyo yiyumvamo bibageraho bidakocamye,bifite ireme n’icyanga.Mbese ni ukunoza inganzo.Ikeshamvugo Nyarwanda rero rigizwe ahanini n’uburyo bw’itakamvugo bwiyongeraho intego y’umwandiko.Iryo takamvugo niryo rituma umwandiko uyu n’uyu agira imisusire yiganjemo Isubirajwi ,injyana,imibangikanyo ,ishushanyamvugo,imizimizo n’amarenga n’ibindi……Mu guhimba mu Kinyarwanda wandika ,habamo Ikinyarwanda cy’amoko menshi ,aricyo aha twise Ikeshamvugo.Reka turebere hamwe uburyo nyabwo iryo keshamvugo rikoreshwa.
1. Injyana : Mu buhanzi habamo injyana z’ubwoko bubiri
- Injyana idapimye (akanyerezo) : Iyo njyana tuyisanga cyane cyane,mu byivugo mu majuri ,zimwe mu ndirimbo baririmbaga za kera mu migani y’imigenurano no mu Busizi bw’ubu.
- Injyana ipimye :Iyo njyana tuyisanga cyane cyane mu mazina y’inka ,mu Bisigo no mu mivugo imwe n’imwe.Bayipima bifashishije utubangutso cyangwa se utubeshuro.
2. Isubirajwi n’isubirajambo : Ni isubiramo rya hafi ry’ijwi cyangwa ijambo iri n’iri,rigenda rigaruka mu ntondeke zegeranye.Isubirajwi n’isubirajambo rigenda riryoshya imvugo.Rigatuma uhimba cyangwa se usiga atora ibyo yahimbye bitamugoye.
- Urugero :
Umusare w’umusore ushyenga
Yarasohotse asanga Se aseka
Ati : Seka soko mvomeweho ubugingo
Saso y’isuri isigarije umusumo.
Si ndi ikigwari
Si ndi inkubaganyi
Si ndi ikigwari
Si ndi icyomanzi
Ndi intwari barata.
3. Imibangikanyo : Ni uburyo bwo gukurikiranya intondeke ebyiri cyangwa se nyinshi zirimo ingingo zifitanye isano.Imibangikanyo y’ingenzi ni itatu :
- Umubangikanyo w’umusubizo : Intondeke ya kabiri isubira mu ngingo y’intondeke ya mbere mu yindi mvugo.
Urugero :
Muri ibyo bihugu ni iyo gihera
Dore ko ari iyo giterwa inkingi
- Umubangikanyo wuzuzanya : Ingingo yo mu ntondeke ya kabiri ,iba ishimangira cyangwa yuzuza iri mu ntondeke ya mbere.
Urugero :
Nta wawe wa none
Wakuramiza amazi
Amata ari ku ruhimbi
Amarwa ashengura intango
- Umubangikanyo w’inshyamirane: Intondeke ya kabiri iba ifite ingingo ishyamiranye n’iyo mu ntondeke ya .
Urugero :
Ugiye usa n’ingwa yera
Uzagaruka usa n’imbwa yiba
4. Imizimizo n’amarenga : Tuyisanga cyane cyane mu Bisigo nyabami .Hakaba hariho amoko atandukanye y’imizimizo n’amarenga.Mu mizimizo ni naho tubonera amagambo y’Ishoberamahanga.
- Impuzanyito : Ni umuzimizo bzkoreshamo amagambo atandukanye ,ariko afite ingingo imwe
Urugero :
Iyo Nkotanyi cyane
Ubwo duhumaniye I Bubuye buto
Nyakijoro yose turayihinda
Buserura duserura I Butema buto
Kwa Matare mato tuti :Muraho “
- Impuzashusho: Ni umuzimizo bakoreshamo amagambo asa ,yandikwa kandi avugwa kimwe,ariko akaba adahuje inyito.Ni amagambo afite inyito “INGWIZANYITO “ Nyinshi ,kugirango umenye inyito yaryo ureba cyane cyane ikivugwa mu mwandiko.Kandi akaba ashobora gukoreashwa asimburana mu nteruro bitewe n’icyo ushaka kuvuga.
Urugero : IMBATA “ Ubwoko bw’inkoko
Ikibanza cy’inzu
Umucakara umenyerweye ahantu
Ibice by’umwandiko
Ikibanza cy’inzu
GUTEKA: Kurekeraho gukamwa kw’inka
Kurekeraho kwera kw’ibitoki
Gushyira ibiribwa ku ziko ngo bishye
Kwicara k’Umwami
Urugero rw’imikoreshereza yayo :
Barahuruye cyane
Basanga iryo hanga
Ryarigize imbata
Barisenyera icyanzu
Maze bahaca imbata
Izatetse by’amage
Zireta ubutitsa
Hari n’uburyo bwo kwitiranya ikintu n’ikindi bihuje inyito n’ishusho barebye imisusirey’ikintu cyangwa ahantu havugwa
Urugero :
Nugera i Bweramvura ,ukahahurira na Mahundo,uzamumbwirire uti :Semakoma aragutashya,kandi aritegura kugusanga iyo i bukomamasinde.
- Iyitirira :Ni umuzimizo ukoresha uburyo bwo kwo kwitirira ikinti ikin’iki.Iyitirira rikorwa kwinshi,hari ugufata igikoresho ukakitirira igikorwa gikora ;akarere kakitirirwa ibihakorerwa.ikintu kimwe ukakitiriaaibintu byinshi,cyangwa ikintu ukakitirira agace gato kacyo
Urugero : Ngeze i Bugenda,nahasanze ibintu bitangaje Buri shuri riba ririmo imitwe mirongo ine,kandi navuyeyo ntabonye amakoma nk’ayino
- Igerura :Ni uburyo bwo kuzimiza uvuga ibintu bike ushaka kuvuga byinshi.
Urugero :Biba biteye agahinda Kubona umwari utagira uko asa Apfa ahagaze akabura umutima Imbabazi ze zikaba nkeya Nyamara we ubwe akaba ikizubazuba
- Ikabya: ni uburyo bwo kuzimiza uvuga ibyabayeho ukabivuga nk’ibitarabayeho ,naho ibitarabayeho ukabivuga nk’ibyabayeho.
Urugero :
Twahuye adashinga ibirenga
Agendera mu kirere
Nasumagiye musanga
Bimbera iby’ikirenga
Duhurira mu kirere
Ikirego turagishinga
Amanywa yose turayahanga
Urumuri, izuba riduha umwanya
Duhuza ineza itanga umwezi
- Isetsa : ni izimiza bakoresha iyo bashinyagurira umuntu cyangwa se bamusekera
Urugero :
Namubonye rimubaga
Ndamushinyagurira Nti ; si wowe gusa
N’ uw’I Bunyabungo
Niko namugize
Kajanja uwo ntako atahonnye
Yasuze mu rukiko isa sita
Intebe z’urukiko zirakaka
Imisumari iraseseka
Naho amatafari aromoka
Kandi isaa munani iwusangamo
- Igeraranya:Ni umuzimizo ukoreshwa iyo bagereranya amagambo n’ayandi ubusanzwe bidahuje inyito
Urugero :
Inyamibwa y’imyato
Idahungabana ruhinanye
Amacumu yayo atimirwa
Abuza amakimbiri kugira ijambo
Igasa na Rwanda iguye imvura
- Igoragoza n’igobyora: Ni uburyo bwo kuzimiza bagoragoza imvugo,bakavangavanga amagambo
Urugero: Rubabaza ababisha ,umurwanyi
Ndi ubukombe bw’intwari
Icumu ryeara ikigembe
Nariteye ndamusonga umuhunde
Ndi umurwanyi Rubabaza ababisha
Ndi intwari y’ubukombe
Icumu rifite ikigembe ryera
Nariteye umuhunde ndamusonga
- Ibusanya : Riboneka mu nteruro cyanwa mu ntondeke zagombye guhuza imisusire,noneho ijambo rihera cyangwa se ritangira intondeke ya mbere rikabusanya umwanya n’iryo mu ntondeke ya kabiri bihuje umumaro.
- Isangiramusozo :Imikarago ikirikirana iba isozeshwa amagambo asa.
Urugero :Ukwiza ubupfura akira impundu Uhosha inzangano ‘’
Ukunda uburezi ‘’
Utsinda ubujiji ‘’
- Impuzamitwe : Intangiriro y’injtondeke iba isa n’umusozo wayo «
Urugero :
Nkunde ingendo ndebe
Ndebe indeshyo ndebe
Ndore indoro ndore
Ntahe iwawe ntahe
- Isubirajwi ry’umushumi : Mu isubirajwi ry’umushumi ,ijambo riheruka umukarago wa mbere niryo ritangira umukarago wa kabiri.
Urugero :
Uburyo uwo mwana agenda
Agenda agendera ku mutima
Umutima utuje mu gituza
Igituza kigaba ishya n’ihirwe
Ihirwe ryagenewe umukunzi
- Ikosora : Aha, ni uburyo Umusizi avuga nyuma akazakwivuguruza
Urugero :
Uwo mukumburwa nkimureba
Antera ibineza byo kunsanga
Rekamusanganira duhwane
Uwo mukumburwa nkimureba
Mutere imboni antere ituze
Ndanavugishwa yaraye agiye
Amahoro si uguhorana ikungu
Ni ugutembera aho watoye
Ukahatoneshwa ijoro n’umunsi
- Gutiza : Ni uburyo bwo gutiza inyamswa n’ibintu ubwenge n’ubushobozi by’abanru .
Urugero :
Umugezi usuma usiga abagenzi
N’ibiti byinshi byaronsaga
Umuyaga uhuha uhumba ijoro
5. Amahuza: ni imigermo isa igenda isoza intondeke zegeranye .Ubu buryo bwo guhimba ni umwihariko w’Abasizi b’ubu ,kuko babwendeye ku Gifaransa bagakurikiza amategeko agenga Ubusizi bwacyo.Amahuza arimo amoko :
- Amahuza y’inyabubiri (rime plate):
Urugero:
Bambutse uruzi
Buzuye ikizizi
Bahuye n’imbwebwe
Yiyambuye igikambwe
Nta bwoba nta bwenge
Irahagarara irabareba
Izo ntwari zigenda
Zikoreye imiganda
- Amahuza arambuye (rime suivi):
Urugero :
Ihute umbwirire Nyogosenge
Ko wahuye na Nyirasenge
Wa Mukobwa ugira ubugenge
Ati myiyenze urusenge
Kandi mukunde ibinyurabwenge
- Amahuza Nyabihe (rime croise):
Urugero :
Aricara ntiyagenda
Erega mba ndumiwe
Arumumiriza by’abari
Nti reka nshungure nshake akiri
Maze mwambure uyu muhanda
Azibere aha mu gikari
- Amahuza y’impoberane
Urugero :
Wasanzwe n’abinjira n’abatuye
Ubahuriza gusabana
Ubahunda utuzina twiza
Uti ;Ngizi imfura nashimye
- Amahuza y’umusarabiko
Muri aya mahuza ,igice cya mbere cy’intondeke ya mbere,gisobanurwa n’ijwi risoza intondeke ya kabiri .
Urugero :
Iyaduhanze yarakuduhaye
Iyakuduhaye yarakudushinze
Uretse amahuza , ubusizi bw’ubu bufite umwihariko mu mikorere yabwo igaragarira cyane mu :
Itebeza
Itebeza ni uburyo umusizi akoresha yirengagiza amagambo amwe n’amwe mu nsobanuro z’umwandiko we.
Urugero :
Umugore yubahe umugabo
Umwana , Ababyeyi
Umukozi , umukoresha
Umusore , ubusugi bw’inkumi
Umuntu,umwanya wa Muntu
Irondora
Irondora ni uburyo umusizi akoresha asa n’urondora ibikorwa cyangwa se imirimo ihuriye ku kintu kimwe.
Urugero :
Ihiga ibyanira agaca n’inkoko
Ikica abana abasore n’abasaza
Itwara inkumi ,abagore n’abagabo
Iyungurura
Iyungurura ni uburyo bukurikiranya ibikorwa cyangwa se ingingo zishobora gusimburana mu njyabihe yabyo.
Urugero :
Urarya ntuhage
Wahaga ntugende
Waryama nturote
Warota ntubibone
Warigusha ugahanuza
Wahanuza ukabona intsinzi
Wayibona ukayishaka
Abasizi b’ubu , bagaragaza ubwigenge buhagije mu mihimbire yabo .Ntibubahiriza ikeshamvugo mu Busizi uko ryakabaye,ndetse hari n’abavangavanga indimi ,kugirango bareme imikarago n’amahuza bifuza.
Urugero: Mon artel ego, Igitego
Avec toi la vie est si belle
Merewe neza nk’umwana uri ku ibere
Avec toi tout n’est que beau
Wowe Mukundwa , wowe rurabo
Tu es l’unique dans ce monde
Ukurora ntarora iruhande
O, creature plein (e) de bonte
Mama shenge , nzakugire nte ?
Tu es le verbe de mon agenda
Aho utari sinifuza kuhagenda
Plein de douceur est ton regard
Ishimwe ukwiye ni umudari
Prends mon Coeur je le dedie a toi
Wowe Mukundwa wowe muratwa
Parle –moi et palre tout bas
Nyamara kandi ntuvuge ihamba
Que tu survives ici-bas
Ku isi nkwifurije kuramba.
Impugukirwa
Muri ibi tumaze kubona bikoreshwa n’abahanzi igihe bahimba bandika mu Kinyarwanda,hari n’andi magambo agenda akoreshwa aboneka mu rurimi n’umuco by’Abanyarwanda .Ariko yo atagomba ihangwa kuko asanzwe ariho kandi akoreshwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi bw’Abanyarwanda.Umwihariko wayo ,nuko yo kuyakoresha bisaba ubunararibonye ,ubushakashatsi n’uburambe mu nganzo y’ururimi nyarwanda.Ayo magambo inkomoko yayo ni iyi ikurikira :
1.Insigamigani: Insigamigani ni zimwe mu ngeri z’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda,zikaba zaragaragariraga cyane,mu mivugire,mu migendere ,mu myumvire ,mu mikorere no mu mibereho y’ubuzima bwabo bwa buri munsi.Ijambo Insigamigani ryagendeye ku magambo abiri y’ikinyarwnda ariyo GUSIGA n’UMUGANI.Nkuko amateka y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda abigaragaza ,umugani n’ipfundo ry’amagambo atonze neza,Gacamigani yakagiriyemo ihame ridutoza gukora iki cyangwa se kudakora kiriya.Mbese muri make umugani ni umwanzuro w’amarenga y’intekerezo.Ijambo Gusiga ,ni ijambo risanzwe rikoreshwa mu kinyarwanda,aha rikaba rishaka kuvuga kugira ikintu runaka usigira umuryango mugari uzajya ukwibukiraho,kikaba umurage wabo w’ibihe ibihumbi.Insigamigani yo ni ahantu cyangwa se abantu babaye abagenuzi b’imigani ubwabo cyangwa se inkomoko yayo.Kimwe n’ibindi rubanda bagenuriyeho,bakabigira iciro ry’imigani,nk’inyamaswa ,inyoni,imyururu n’ibindi.Aha niho hava izina “IBIRARI BY’INSIGAMIGANI”Bikaba bishaka kuvuga ,inkora y’aho ikintu cyanyuze kigana aha n’aha,bikaba kandi bivuga amayira abakomotseho amagambo yabaye umugani banyuzemo igihe iki n’iki ,ku buryo ubu n’ubu, n’ubu,byagenze bitya na bitya.Dore ingero zimwe na zimwe z’insigamigani :
1. Yagiye kwa Ngara
2. Bamukenyeje Rushoprera
3. Yaje nk’iya Gatera
4. Arigiza Nkana
5. Yazindutse iya Marumba
2. Imigani migufi: Imigani migufi ariyo bakunze kwita “Imigani y’imigenurano” nubwo ivugitse mu buryo bunyarutse,irusha ibindi byose kuranga umuco rusange w’abanyarwanda.Ushaka kumenya uburezi n’uburere cyangwa imibanire y’abantu bya Kinyarwanda wabisangamo.
Nkuko amateka y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda abigaragaza ,umugani n’ipfundo ry’amagambo atonze neza,Gacamigani yakagiriyemo ihame ridutoza gukora iki cyangwa se kudakora kiriya.Mbese muri make umugani ni umwanzuro w’amarenga y’intekerezo.Umugani uvuga ukuri ,ariko muri kamere yawo ntabwo wo uba ari ukuri,ariko nayo ikaba ikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu ikeshamvugo rikoreshwa iyo bahimba mu kinyarwanda bandika.Dore ko ari nayo zingiro ry’ubugenge bw’ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda.Dore ingero zimwe na zimwe z’imigani migufi.
1. Uwo utazaruta ntumwima umubyizi
2. Inyama utazarya ntuzirinda ibisiga
3. Ahabaye imanga ntihaba indagiro
4. Akaboko kazaguha ukabonera mu iramukanya
5. Uruyuzi rujya kwera ibihaza rubanza ubututu Mu guhanga mu Kinyarwanda wandika , iteka ryose hakoreshwa n’imvugo nyakuri zikoreshwa mu rurimi rw’i Kinyarwanda arizo :
- Imvugo ihanitse
- Imvugo isanzwe
- Imvugo ikocamye
Muri iri Keshamvugo rikoreshwa hiyongeraho n’uturingushyo tw’abasizi,iyo umwandiko uhangwa ujyanye n’ubusizi.
Hifashishijwe
- Ubushakashatsi bwa NSANZABERA Jean de Dieu , 2011