Rwanda
U Rwanda ruhana imbibi na Uganda mu majyaruguru, Tanzania mu burasirazuba, Burundi mu majyepfo na Repubulika iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo mu burengerazuba. Umurwa mukuru ni Kigali, akaba ari nawo mujyi munini mu gihugu; intego ni Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu; indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu ni "Rwanda nziza"; ururimi ni Ikinyarwanda, ariko Icyongereza ni rwo rurimi rukoreshwa mu burezi kuri ubu; Abaturage ni Abanyarwanda; Perezida wa Repubulika ni Nyakubahwa Paul Kagame, naho Minisitiri w’Intebe akaba Nyakubahwa Bernard Makuza. U Rwanda rwigobotoyem ubukoloni b’Ababiligi ku wa 1 Nyakanga 1962. Rwanda kandi ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, ariko kizwi ku biyaga byacyo, by’umwihariko Kivu iri ku mupaka warwo w’iburasirazuba, ari nayo nini. N’ubwo u Rwanda rwegereye umurongo wa Equateur, rufite igihe cy’imberabyombi bitewe n’ubutumburuke bwarwo. Ikirunga cya Karisimbi ni wo musozim mjuremure ku butumburuke bwarwo. Ubu butumburuke bugizwe n’imisozi miremire ndetse n’imigufi iriho ishyamba, igenda ica bugufi uko ugana mu burasirazuba. Inyamaswa zo mu gasozi zirimo n’ingagi zitaboneka henshi, zateje imbere ubukerarugendo ku buryo bufatika. Umujyi munini ni Kigali, ari nawo murwa mukuru. Akarusho u Rwanda rurusha ibihugu byinshi by’Afurika, ni uko rutuwe n’ubwoko bumwe kandi buvuga ururimi rumwe bw’Abanyarwanda. U Rwanda ruzwi cyane ku mbyino zitandukanye, by’umwihariko Imbyino y’Intore (guhamiriza), ndetse no ku bakaraza. Hari kandi n’imbyino y’abategarugori yitwa Gushayaya. Indimi zivugwa cyane mu Rwanda, ni Ikinyarwanda; Igifaransa n’Icyongereza. Abaturage babanje gutura u Rwanda ni Abasangwabutaka. Abanyamateka (anthropologists) bavuga ko bageze mju Rwanda hagati y’umwaka wa 700 mbere ya Yesu n’uw’1500 nyuma Ye. Nyuma hagiye habaho haza abandi baturage bakivanga, baza kugara ku rugero Abanyarwanda bariho ubu. U Rwanda rwahoze ari agahugu gato, ariko ubwami bwarwo bwaje kwaguka, cyane cyane guhera mu kinyejana cya 15, ni ukuvuga guhera nko ku ngoma ya Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi I, bituma umuco warwo wiganza mu karere, ndetse n’imipaka yarwo iraguka. Igihugu cy’u Rwanda cyahawe Abakoloni b’Abadage, nyuma y’isinywa ry’amasezerano y’i Berlin (mu BUdage), yasinywe mu mwaka w’1884. Abera ba mbere bageze mu Rwanda mu w’1894. Nyuma y’intambara ya mbere y’isi yose, u Rwanda rwahawe Ububiligi nka manda y’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu (League of Nations mandate). Aba bakoloni bombi babibye amacakubiri mu Banyarwanda, babagabanyamo amoko kugeza n’aho batangiye indangamuntu zirimo ubwoko bwa buri muntu. Ibi byateje ingaruka mbi, zirimo gusubiranamo n’inzangano zikabije hagati y’Abanyarwanda. Mu mwaka w’1962, ni ho Ababiligi batanze ubwigenge, bivuye ku myivumbagatanyo y’abaturage bakomezaga kubusaba. Amacakubiri yarakomeje, bamwe mu Bavukarwanda baricwa, abandi barameneshwa bajya hanze yarwo mu mwaka w’1959, ariko nabwo ntibyacira aho. Guhera mu mwaka w’1990, umuryango wa bamwe mu bari barameneshejwe warwanye intambara yo kubohora u Rwanda rwari rwugarijwe n’ayo marorerwa. Mu mwaka w’1994 ni ho indege yari itwaye Yuvenali Habyarimana yasandariye mu kirere, maze umugambi mubisha wari umaze igihe utegurwa ushyirwa mu bikorwa; iyo ni jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, yaguyemo inzirakarengane zigera kuri miliyoni imwe mu gihe cy’iminsi ijana gusa. Ku bw’amahirwe, umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi wari urangajwe imbere na Nykubahwa Paul Kagame ukoma mu nkokora abo babisha, uhagarika ubu bwicanyi. Uyu muryango kandi wahise ugarura umutekano mu gihugu hose. Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, u Rwanda rwaranzwe na politiki nziza Umunayrwanda wese yibonamo. Ibi byatumye ubukungu; ibikorwa-remezo birimo imihanda, amashanyarazi n’amazi; ubukerarugendo n’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro bisugira. Intera ariko iracyari ndende, kuko Abaturage bakiri mu bukene, aho benshi babeshejweho n’ubuhinzi ngandurarugo. U Rwanda rumaze kunga ubumwe n’imiryango itandukanye yo mu karere, harimo East African Community na Common Wealth.
Contents
U Rwanda mbere y’ubukoloni
Kuvuga amateka y’u Rwanda uyahereye imuzi, cyangwa se kumenya ibihe nyirizina ibikorwa byagiye biberaho, biragoye bitewe n’uko aya mateka yagiye atinda gushyirwa mu nyandiko, bityo akaburirwa ikirari. Ibi byaterwaga n’uko Abanyarwanda batinze kumenya kwandika, aho babimenyeye hari ibyari byaribagiranye, cyangwa n’ibyanditswe ugasanga bigoramye bitewe n’uwabyanditse. Amateka atubwira ko u Rwanda rwaremwe mu kinyejana cya 11 (1091), ruremwe n’Umwami Gihanga Ngomijana. Rwari igihugu gito, gituranye n’ibihugu by’ibikeba kandi bifite imbaraga bya Bugesera na Gisaka (ubu ni mu Ntara y’uburasirazuba). Abami b’u Rwanda bagiye batera ibi bihugu bakabyigarurira, u Rwanda ruraguka rugera ku kiyaga cya Kivu. Mu kinyejana cya 15, Abanyoro baturutse mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda bararwigaruriye. Umwami Ruganzu Ndoli ni we wongeye kwigarurira twa turere twose tw’u Rwanda mu kinyejana cya 16 (1510), amara imyaka isaga 30 ku ngoma. Guhera icyo gihe, ubwami bw’u Rwanda bwatangiye gusugira mu karere, aho rwageraga mu mbibi za Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Kongo y’ubu, rugakomeza mu Bugande hafi y’ikiyaga cya Edward.
U Rwanda mu gihe Cy’ubukoloni
Nyuma y’inama yabereye i Berlin mu Budage mu mwaka w’1884, u Rwanda rwahawe igihugu cy’u Budage. Icyo gihe rwafatanijwe n’u Burundi bikora icyiswe Ruanda-Urundi, ubukoloni butangira ubwo. Abadage bahise barufatanya kandi n’icyitwaga Tanganyika (Repubulika ya Tanzaniya y’ubu) mu burasirazuba, bahinduramo icyiswe “German East Africa”, ni ukuvuga “Afurika y’uburasirazuba y’Ubudage.” Umwera wabaye uwa mbere mu gucengera iki gihugu mu mwaka w’1894, ni Gustav Adolf von Götzen, yambukira mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba ahinguka ku kiyaga cya Kivu, aho yahuriye n’umwami. Guhera ubwo, Ubudage bwahise bwimika mu Rwanda umutegetsi w’ikirenga bwise Rezida (Resident), akurikirwa n’abamisiyoneri n’abasirikare b’Abadage. Abadage ntibwashenye ku mugaragaro umuco busanze, ariko bivanze mu mirimo y’ibwami ndetse bashyira abajyanama ku bashefu bayoboraga amasheferi (chefferies). Ni bo kandi bagabanije amoko mu Banyarwanda ndetse barayashyigikira. Nyuma y’intambara ya mbere y’isi yarangiye mu mwaka w’1919, Ruanda-Urundi yambuwe Ubudage ihabwa Ububiligi, binyuze m’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu (League of Nations).
Ababiligi bivanze mu butegetsi mu buryo buziguye (Direct Rule) kurusha Abadage: mu burezi; ubuzima; imirimo ya Leta no mu buhinzi n’ubworozi. Uko abaturage bagiye biyongera, Abakoloni b’Ababiligi bagendaga bahingisha ibihingwa bishya, ndetse bakanakoresha ubuhanga butandukanye mu buhinzi mu rwego rwo kugabanya inzara. Ntibyabahiriye ariko, kuko batashoboye guhangana na Ruzagayura yahitanye hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’abaturage mu mwaka w’1943 kugeza 1944. Ababiligi bakomeje kandi gushimangira amoko yari yarashyizweho n’Abadage, bimakaza amacakubiri mu baturarwanda, ni nabo batanze indangamuntu zanditsemo ubwoko bwa buri muntu mu mwaka w’1935, kugira ngo babatandukanye burundu. Aya moko nta shingiro yari afite, kuko bahaga umuntu ubwoko bakurikije isura n’igihagararo, cyangwa ibyo atunze. Ububiligi bwakomeje gukoloniza u Rwanda nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yarangiye mu mwaka w’1945, bufite intumbero yo kuzaruha ubwigenge mu gihe kitazwi neza. Abanyarwanda bacitsemo ibice bibiri, kimwe gishaka ubwigenge, ikindi gishaka kwikubira ubutegetsi kiyobowe na Grégoire Kayibanda. Ababiligi rero kuko bashakaga amacakubiri, bashyigikiye abashakaga kwikubira ubutegetsi, birumvikana ko batashakaga no gutanga ubwigenge. Ibice bibiri byarashyamiranye cyane mu myaka ya za 1950, biza kubyara icyiswe revolution yo mu w’1959 aho inzirakarengane nyinshi zishwe izindi zikamenesherezwa mu bihugu by’abaturanyi hagati y’1959 na 1961. Mu mwaka w’1961, umukoloneli w’Umubiligi wari umutegetsi w’ikirenga ushyigikiye abashakaga kwikubira ubutegetsi witwaga Guy Logiest, yateguye kamarampaka agamije guha abaturage uburenganzira bwo kwitorera itegeko-nshinga. Ryaje gutorwa ku ngoma ya Mbonyumutwa. U Rwanda rwatandukanijwe n’u Burundi mu mwaka w’1962 ku ngoma ya Kayibanda Grégoire, ruhabwa ubwigenge ku wa 1 Nyakanga. Guhera ubwo, ubushyamirane hagati y’Abanyarwanda bari barameneshejwe bifuzaga gutahuka mu rwababyaye n’abasigaye mu gihugu bwaratutumbye. Ibi byatumaga abandi bakomeza kwicwa mu gihugu imbere.
Mu mwaka w’1973, Yuvenali Habyarimana yafashe ubutegetsi binyuze muri coup-d’état yaguyemo Kayibanda n’umufasha we, arutegeka imyaka 21 yose (1973-1994). Yagiye ku butegetsi yemeza ko guverinoma yangiritse ku buryo bukomeye, idateze kugira aho igeza rubanda, kandi irimo ubwicanyi. Mu myaka yakurikiye coup-d’état, n’ubwo ibibazo by’inzara byagabanutse, u Rwanda rwaranzwe n’amacakubiri asesuye. Mu mwaka w’1990, umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi wari ugizwe n’abameneshejwe mu rwababyaye winjiye mu majyaruguru y’u Rwanda uturutse mu Bugande, utangira kurwana intambara yo kwibohora. Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yari iyobowe na Habyarimana, yakomeje kwimira uwo muryango ibifashijwemo n’ingabo z’Abafaransa, kugira ngo ikomeze igere ku ntego zayo. FPR ariko yakomeje kugwiza imbaraga, ku buryo guhera mu mwaka w’1992 warushijeho kwinjira. Guverinoma yakomeje gutoteza Abatutsi basigaye mu gihugu, ariko kuko umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi wasabaga ko itotezwa ryahagarara ndetse abameneshejwe bagasubizwa mu rwababyaye, wakomeje kubotsa igitutu, maze Habyarimana yemera kubisinyira mu masezerano yasinyiwe Arusha ho muri Tanzaniya mu mwaka w’1993. Aya masezerano rero nta cyo yabashije kugeraho, kuko itotezwa ryakomeje, bityo FPR ikomeza umugambi wayo wo kurihagarika. Ku wa 6 Mata 1994, indege yari itwaye Habyarimana na mugenzi we Ntaryamira yarasiwe n’abo batavugaga rumwe hafi y’ikibuga cy’indege cya Kigali. Iraswa ry’iyi ndege ni ryo ryabaye imbarutso y’umugambi mubisha wa jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo muri Mata 1994, wahise utangira nyuma y’amasaha make. Mu gihe kitarenze iminsi ijana, inzirakarengane zigera kuri miliyoni imwe zari zimaze kwamburwa ubuzima. Umuryango FPR-Inkotanyi wahise utabara mu maguru mashya, n’ubwo abagizi ba nabi bo batabuze gukomeza kwisasira inzirakarengane. Umuryango mpuzamahanga (ONU) wo ntiwari ubyitayeho, ahubwo wari ushishikajwe no gucikisha ingabo zawo zari zisumbirijwe. Uyu muryango wigaruriye Kigali ku wa 4 Nyakanga 1994, ndetse kugeza ku wa 18 Nyakanga wari umaze kwigarurira igihugu cyose. Hashyizweho guverinoma y’inzibacyuho iyobowe na Pasteur Bizimungu. Guverinoma nshya yahuye n’ingorane zo gucyura gutuza abagera kuri miliyoni ebyiri bari barahunze igihugu batinya guhanirwa ibyaha byibasiye izo nzirakarengane, bari baratataniye mu bihugu by’abaturanyi. Leta y’u Rwanda yagerageje gucyura izo mpunzi ibifashijwemo n’umuryango w’abibumbye, n’abo itabashije kugeraho bakumva ko mu Rwanda ari amahoro bagatahuka ku bushake. Nyuma yo gutahuka, hatangiye igikorwa cyo kunga Abanyarwanda, hahanwa abakoze ibyaha. Ni muri urwo rwego hashyizweho inkiko gacaca, ndetse n’urukiko mpuzamahanga ku Rwanda (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda-ICTR). Mu mwaka w’2000, guverinoma y’u Rwanda yahinduye ibendera ry’igihugu, indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu n’itegeko-nshinga, imipaka y’ibyahoze ari perefegitura na komini byahindutse Intara n’Uturere. U Rwanda kandi rwahise rutangira imibanire n’imiryango ikorera mu karere, irimo Umuryango wa Afurika y’Uburasirazuba (East African Community) na Commonwealth. Guhera icyo gihe, ubukungu bw’igihugu bwarasugiye, tutibagiwe umutekano, imibereho myiza y’abaturage, ibikorwa-remezo, n’ibindi.
Politiki na Guverinoma
U Rwanda ni igihugu muri rusange rutarangwamo ruswa. Muri uyu mwaka w’2010, umuryango ushinzwe kurwanya ruswa no kubogama Transparency International, washyize u Rwanda ku mwanya wa 66 mu bihugu 178 bigize isi, ruba urwa 8 mu bihugu 47 biri muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Itegeko-nshinga rishyiraho umuvunyi wa rubanda, ufite inshingano zo kurwanya ruswa, akaba ari na we abakozi ba Leta (harimo na Perezida) bamurikira imitungo yabo. U Rwanda rumaze kugera kuri byinshi rurangajwe imbere na guverinoma iriho, harimo iterambere ry’ubukungu, ibikorwa-remezo n’ishoramari n’ubukerarugendo ku rwego mpuzamahanga, n’ubwo bitabuza abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi kurunenga ko rutubahiriza uburenganzira bw’ikiremwa-muntu. Inteko ishinga amategeko igizwe n’ibyumba bibiri, ni yo itora amategeko. Icya mbere ni icy’abadepite, kigizwe n’abantu 80 bashyirirwaho manda y’imyaka 5. Imyanya 24 muri iyi igenewe abagore batorwa n’inteko y’abakozi ba Leta babishinzwe; indi myanya itatu igenewe urubyiruko n’abamugaye, naho isigaye 53 igenewe abahagarariye abaturage muri rusange batorwa n’abaturage bose hakurikijwe abagomba guhagararira buri karere. Hakurikijwe amatora yo mu mwaka w’2008, mu nteko harimo abadepite 45 b’igitsina-gore, ni ukuvuga 56% by’inteko yose. Ibi bituma u Rwanda rukomeza kuba igihugu rukumbi rufite abagore benshi mu nteko. Icyumba cya kabiri ari nacyo gikuru, ni icya Sena. Abasenateri bakurwa kandi bagahagararira ibyiciro bitandukanye: mu bijyanye no kubashyiraho, harimo bane bashyirwaho na Perezida wa Repubulika, hari n’abatorwa n’abaturage; ku bijyanye n’abo bahagarariye, hari abahagarariye abaturage muri rusange, ibigo byigenga, amashuri makuru, n’ibindi. 30% by’imyanya ya sena bigenewe abagore. Abadepite bagira manda y’imyaka 8.
Uburyo bwo gushyiraho amategeko mu Rwanda bujyanye n’ubw’Abadage n’Ababiligi bakoresha. Ububasha nyubahirizategeko burigenga, n’ubwo Perezida wa Repubulika n’Abasenateri bahurira mu gikorwa cyo gushyiraho abacamanza b’urukiko rw’ikirenga, ndetse guverinoma ishobora no guha amabwiriza urwo rukiko. Itegeko-nshinga rishyiraho amoko abiri y’inkiko: inkiko rusange n’inkiko zihanitse (specialized). Inkiko rusange zirimo Urukiko rw’ikirenga, Urukiko rwa mbere rw’iremezo n’inkiko zo mu turere; inkiko zihanitse zirimo iza gisirikare na Gacaca. Intara n’uturere U Rwanda rwagiye rwifashisha uturere uhereye mu gihe cy’ubukoloni. Mbere y’ubukoloni, Umwami yategekaga igihugu abinyujije mu ntara, uturere, imisozi n’uburyo abantu bari baturanye. Itegeko-nshinga ririho ubu mu Rwanda, ryagennye ko hagomba kubaho intara, uturere, imijyi, imirenge, utugari n’imidugudu, ariko inteko ishinga amategeko ni yo yashyizeho imipaka n’umubare wabyo. Dore uko izo nzego zikurikirana uhereye ku rukuru: 1.intara U Rwanda rufite intara enye ziyongeraho umujyi wa Kigali, ari zo: Intara y’Amajyepfo; Intara y’Amajyaruguru; Intara y’Uburasirazuba n’Intara y’Uburengerazuba. Intara ihuza guverinoma n’uturere, ikagenzura niba imigabo n’imigambi ya Leta bishyirwa mu bikorwa mu rwego rw’uturere. Ni nayo kandi ireba uburyo imiyoborere n’imirimo bihagaze muri rusange ku rwego rw’uturere. Buri Ntara iyoborwa na Guverineri, ushyirwaho na Perezida wa Repubulika bikemezwa na Sena. 2. Akarere Uturere tw’u Rwanda ni 30. Akarere kayoborwa na Meya, afatanije n’inama-njyanama ifata ibyemezo ishyirwaho binyuze mu matora. Iyi nama-njyanama ifite inshingano zo gushyira mu bikorwa imigabo n’imigambi bya Leta bijyanye n’ubukungu n’iterambere. 3. Umurenge Imirenge y’u Rwanda ni 416. Umurenge uyoborwa n’umunyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa, afatanije n’inama-njyanama ishyirwaho binyuze mu matora. Iyi nama-njyanama ifite inshingano zo gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda za Leta nk’uko bikorwa mu karere, hakiyongeraho gufasha abaturage kwigeza ku iterambere. 4. Akagari Akagari kayoborwa n’umunyamabanga-nshingwabijkorwa. Gafite inshingano zo gufasha abaturage kwiteza imbere, kandi gashyira imbere inyungu z’abaturage. Inama-njyanama y’akagari igizwe n’abaturage bose bagejeje ku myaka 18, batorwamo komite nshingwabikorwa. Imipaka y’inzego zivuzwe haruguru yashyizweho mu mwaka w2006 mu rwego rwo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage.
Imiterere n’ ibihe by’ u Rwanda
U Rwanda rubarirwa ku buso bwa km2 26,338, ni igihugu cya 146 mu bunini ku isi, aho rungana na Haiti ndetse na Leta ya Maryland muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, rukaba ruruta Wales ho hato. U Rwanda rufite ibihe byiza n’ingere y’imberabyombi, rukesha imisozi miremire yarwo. Ikigereranyo cy’ubushyuhe kiri hagati ya 14 °C (57 °F) na 25 °C (77 °F) ku munsi. Rufite kandi amazi ahagije arimo inzuzi nini nka Nyabarongo, Akanyaru, Ruvubu, n’izindi; ibiyaga birimo Kivu (ari nayo nini mu Rwanda, ndetse iri ku mwanya wa 20 ku isi mu bunini, n’ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 480), Muhazi, Burera, Ruhondo, Rweru, Cyohoha n’Ihema ari ryo rinini mu biyaga byo mu misozi migufi yo mu burasirazuba bw’u Rwanda, muri Pariki y’Akagera. U Rwanda rugira ibihe bine: Umuhindo: umuhindo ni igihe cy’imvura nyinshi n’izuba rike. Uhera m’Ukwakira hagati ukageza m’Ukuboza hagati.
Urugaryi: urugaryi ni igihe cy’izuba ryinshi. Ruhera m’Ukuboza hagati rukageza muri Gashyantare hagati.
Itumba: itumba ni igihe cy’imvura y’urushyana. Rihera muri Gashyantare rikageza muri Kamena.
Icyi (Impeshyi): icyi ni igihe cy’izuba ryinshi, ku buryo imvura isa n’aho ari nta yo. Gitangira muri Kamena kikageza m’Ukwakira.
Imisozi ni yo yiganje mu Rwanda rwo hagati no mu burengerazuba, ari naho haboneka Rift Valley ya Albert. Ikikije umupaka w’u Rwanda ku ruhande rw’iburengerazuba. Imiremire muri iyi misozi iboneka ku rukerekane rw’ibirunga mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba. Ikirekire muri byo ni Karisimbi ifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4,507. Iki gice cy’uburengerazuba kibarirwa ku butumburuke bwa metero 1,500 kugeza kuri 2,500. Uturutse mu burengerazuba, uhasanga imisozi ariko igenda igabanuka mu butumburuke uko ugana mu gihugu rwagati. Ahagana ku mupaka w’u Rwanda iburasirazuba, hari umukenke, ibibaya n’ishyamba.
Ubukungu
Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bushingiye ku buhinzi n’ubucuruzi bw’ibihingwa ngandurabukungu ku isoko mpuzamahanga, ubukerarugendo n’ibindi. Muri bihingwa harimo ikawa, iya Maraba ikaba ari yo yinjiza umutungo mwinshi; icyayi, na cyo kiri mu bya mbere mu bihingwa mu karere n’ibireti. Isoko ry’ibihingwa by’u Rwanda ririmo ibihugu by’Ubushinwa, Ubudage na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Mu bukerarugendo, u Rwanda rufite pariki eshatu, ari zo Nyungwe, Akagera n’iy’Ibirunga. Muri izo pariki habonekamo inyamaswa z’amoko atandukanye zikurura ba mukerarugendo. Muri izo nyamaswa twavugamo nk’ingagi zo mu birunga zitaboneka henshi ku isi n’izindi. Ifaranga ry’u Rwanda ricungwa na Banki y”Igihugu BNR. U Rwanda rwinjiye muri East African Community, izaba ikoresha ifaranga ry’ishilingi guhera mu mwaka w’2012. Ibihingwa bihingwa mu Rwanda muri rusange ni ikawa, icyayi, ibireti, ibitoki, imyumbati n’ibindi. Mu Rwanda kandi tworora amatungo y’amoko Atari amwe. Umusaruro w’ibituruka ku bworozi ugize 8.8% by’ubukungu bw’igihugu (2006 GDP). Amatungo yororwa arimo inka, intama, ihene, ingurube, inkoko n’inkwavu. Ubworozi bw’amatungo magufi bukorerwa mu ngo mu buryo bwa gakondo, naho amaremare (inka) yatangiye kororerwa mu nzuri zabugenewe mu buryo bwa kijyambere, cyane cyane mu mujyi wa Kigali no mu nkengero zawo. Inka za kijyambere zirimo firizoni, injeresi n’izindi, ni zo zitanga umusaruro uhagije w’amata, ku buryo u Rwanda ruri ku rwego rushimishije kugeza ubu. Ubworozi buracyafite imbogamizi y’inzuri n’abaganga b’amatungo badahagije, bituma umusaruro w’ibiyakomokaho udasugira ku rugero ruhagije. Uburobyi na bwo buri mu bigize ubukungu bw’u Rwanda. Bukorerwa mu biyaga by’u Rwanda bitandukanye. Amafi yororwa mu Rwanda ari mu bwoko bwa tilapia, insambaza, n’izindi. Umusaruro wayo uribwa n’abaturage, ariko u Rwanda rwatangiye no kuyagemura ku isoko mpuzamahanga mu rwego rwo guteza imbere uruganda rw’amafi mu Rwanda. Inganda mu Rwanda ziracyari ku rwego ruto, ariko rushimishije kuko zigenda zitera imbere. Muri zo harimo uruganda rukora sima (CIMERWA), urukora ibinyobwa by’amoko Atari amwe (BRALIRWA), izihindura ibinyobwa bituruka ku mutungo kamere (SULFO-RWANDA, INYANGE), izikora ibikoresho by’isuku nk’isabune, amavuta yo kwisiga, imyenda, inkweto n’ibindi (BRALIRWA, UTEXRWA), n’izindi. Ikigo cya RECO-RWASCO gitanga ingufu z’amashanyarazi n’amazi, gifite uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu ku buryo igice cy’icyaro kitarabona amashanyarazi n’amazi ari gito. U Rwanda kandi n’ubwo ari igihugu kidakora ku nyanja, gifite amabuye y’agaciro arimo gasegereti, Colombo tantalite (coltan), wolfram na zahabu, akorwamo ibikoresho bya tekinoloji n’itumanaho bitandukanye nka telefoni zigendanwa. Aya mabuye acukurwa ku misozi y’u Rwanda itandukanye akoherezwa mu mahanga. Mu mwaka w’2008, amabuye y’agaciro yinjije miliyoni 93 z’amadorali y’Abanyamerika mu kigega cy’ubukungu.
Ubukerarugendo
Ahantu nyaburanga ha mbere ni mu misozi ya pariki y’ibirunga, aho ba mukerarugendo bakururwa n’ingagi zitaboneka henshi ku isi. Iyi pariki izwi cyane ku ngagi zo mu misozi (Gorilla beringei beringei). Izindi nyamaswa z’inyamabere zigaragara muri iy pariki ni: Inguge zo mu bwoko bwa golden monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kandti); inzovu (Syncerus caffer); impyisi z’amabara zo mu bwoko bwa Crocuta crocuta na bush buck (Tragelaphus scriptus). Iyi pariki kandi irimo inzovu n’ubwo ari nke. Harimo amoko 178 y’inyoni, byibura 13 muri yo na 16 y’ibisanira byayo akaba ari yo aboneka cyane mu birunga no mu misozi ya Rwenzori.
Izindi pariki zirimo iya Nyungwe ibonekamo amoko 13 y’inguge atandukanye (25% by’izo Afurika ifite zose), amoko 275 y’inyoni, amoko 1068 y’ibimera, amoko 85 y’inyamaswa z’inyamabere, amoko 32 ya amphibian n’amoko 38 y’inyamaswa zikururuka. Inyamaswa nyinshi muri izi zivuzwe hejuru, ni izishobora kuba mu gace kamwe gusa zitimutse, ziboneka mu gice cya Rifuti y’ikiyaga cya Albert; na pariki y’akagera irimo amoko y’inyamaswa anyuranye, arimo imvubu, impala, imparage, ingwe, inzovu n’izindi.
Gutwara abantu n’ibintu n’itumanaho
Gutwara abantu n’ibintu mu Rwanda biri ku rwego rushimishije. Mu ngendo zo mu kirere, ubu Abanyamahanga bashobora kogoga ikirere batwawe na kompanyi yabo bwite ya RwandAir Express, ikora ingendo guhera mu bihugu by’abaturanyi kugera mu bihugu by’abarabu muri Aziya (Dubai). Kubera ukuntu gutwara abantu n’ibintu hakoreshejwe ikirere birimo gutera imbere vuba cyane, ikibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali kimaze kuba gito, ku buryo hatangiye imirimo yo kubaka ikindi mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba, mu karere ka Bugesera, kizaba ari kinini ku buryo buhagije kandi cyubatse ku buryo bwa kijyambere bujyanye n’amabwiriza y’ibibiga by’indege ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mu ngendo zo ku butaka, abaturage bashobora gukora ingendo kugera mu gihugu cya Kenya, batwawe n’ibinyabiziga bya kijyambere. Mu gihugu hagati naho kandi, amakompanyi yo gutwara abantu yariyongereye ku buryo bufatika, bivuye ku iyubakwa ry’imihanda ya kijyambere. Ibigo bitwara abantu bigera mu ntara bivuye mu mujyi wa Kigali birimo ONATRACOM, SOTRA TOURS, VOLCANO EXPRESS, BELVEDERE LINES, HORIZON EXPRESS, INTERNATIONAL, KIGALI SAFARIS n’ibindi; naho ibikorera mu mujyi hagati birimo KIGALI BUS SERVICES, INTERNATIONAL, n’ibindi. Mu itumanaho, hari televiziyo y’u Rwanda imaze kugera mu bice byinshi by’igihugu. Hari kandi radiyo Rwanda, n’amaradiyo yigenga atandukanye arimo Deutche Welle, Contact FM, Flash FM, Restore Radio, Isango Star, Radio Umucyo, Ijwi ry’Ibyiringiro, City Radio, n’izindi. Twongereho ko uturere twinshi tumaze kugira radio z’abaturage mu rwego rwo kubaha amahirwe yo gutanga ibitekerezo byabo mu kwiyubakira urwababyaye. Hari kandi ibinyamakuru bitandukanye birimo Rwanda Dispatch, New Times, Oasis n’ibindi, ku buryo Abanyarwanda bamaze kugera ku rwego rushimishije rwo gukunda amakuru.
Iyobokamana
Abanyarwanda naymwinshi ni Abakirisitu, n’ubwo bigabanije mu matorero atandukanye. Mu mwaka w’2006, Abnakirisitu ba kiliziya Gatolika bari 56.5 %, by’abaturage bose; 37.1 % ari Abaporotesitanti (11.1% bari Abadivantisiti b’Umunsi wa 7); 4.6 % ari Abisiramu; 1.7 % ntibari bafite aho babarizwa, naho 0.1 % babarizwaga mu idini gakondo.
Umuco
U Rwanda rufite akarusho ku bihugu byinshi byo muri Afurika, kuko ari igihugu cy’abaturage bamwe, ‘Abanyarwanda,’ bavuga ururimi rumwe kandi basangiye umuco umwe. Bityo, umuco nyarwanda wakomeje gusugira n’ubwo hari byinshi umaze gutakaza, cyane cyane mu rubyiruko. Mu Rwanda hizihizwa iminsi mikuru itandukanye, irimo umunsi w’intwari; umunsi wo kwibohora; umunsi w’umurimo; iminsi yo kurwanya ibyorezo bitandukanye (iba no ku rwego mpuzamahanga); umunsi w’ubunani n’iminsi ijyanye n’iyobokamana itandukanye. Ku wa 7 Mata, Abanyarwanda bose batangira icyumweru cyo kwibuka jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi yo mu w’1994. Ku munsi wa 6 w’ukwezi kandi haba igikorwa cy’umuganda rusange, aho ibikorwa bindi biba byahagaze.
Imbyino n’ubuvanganzo
U Rwanda ruzwi cyane ku mbyino y’umuhamirizo ibyinwa n’intore. Iyi mbyino ibyinwa mu birori n’iminsi mikuru itandukanye yahuje abantu benshi. Imbyino y’intore igabanijemo ibice bitatu: itorero ribyinwamo n’igitsina-gore; umuhamirizo ubyinwa n’igitsina-gabo n’ingoma (gukaraza) zivuzwa nabantu 7 cyangwa 9, bishobora gukorwa n’ibitsina byombi ariko cyane cyane igitsina-gabo. Ingoma yagiye igira agaciro gakomeye mu Rwanda rwo hambere, kuko yari ikimenyetso cy’ingoma ya cyami. Muzika y’abaturage iri gutera imbere mu gihugu, biturutse kuri mizika yo mu karere no muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika muri rusange. Injyana zigezweho ni hip hop, rap, R&B na pop. Ubuvanganzo ni ijambo ry’inyunge, rigizwe n’amagambo abiri: Kuva n’inganzo. Ijambo rya mbere rero ntitwenda gutinda ku busobanuro bwaryo kuko benshi tubuzi, ariko reka turebe ijambo inganzo icyo ryaba risobanura:
1. Aho bacukura ingwa, 2. Ahantu aho ari ho hose umuhanzi yiherera ngo ahange yisanzuye. Kwiherera bimufasha gushyira ibitekerezo bye ku murongo. Abakurambere badusigiye byinshi. Tugira n'Imana, aho abazungu batwigishirije kwandika, haboneka abantu nka Aloys Bigirumwami na Alexis Kagame, n'abandi Banyarwanda, mbese n'abanyamahanga, bashishikariye kubaza no kwiga ibya kera, bakabidushyirira mu bitabo. Abo bagabo babiri ni bo mvuze amazina, kuko ari bo bakuru b'abandi banditsi bose. Kandi basa n'abagabanye imirimo y'ibyerekeye kutubikira umuco karande, n'ubwo hari byinshi bahurizaho. Bigirumwami yibanze ku Migenzo isangwa muri Rubanda, Kagame akurikirana. Imihango y'i Bwami n'Amateka y'Abami. Na none kandi urebye neza, wasanga abandi banditsi baragiye bakurikira inzira abo bagabo berekanye. Bamwe bakurikiye inzira ya Kagame, bahugira mu mateka n'ibisigo n'ibitekerezo birondoora iby'Abami, imihango y'i Bwami ikaba ariyo ibatera amatsiko. Naho abakurikiye Bigirumwami, ukabasanga mu migenzo yo kuraguza no guterekera no kubandwa, bakabaririza impigi n'inzaratsi, imiziro n'imiziririzo, n'imihango y'abakobwa n'abagore, bakiga imiti ya Kinyarwanda, mbese n'uburozi, bakabaza ubupfura n'ubutindi, ubuhemu n'ubuntu. Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda buri ukubiri: Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo n’Ubuvanganzo nyandiko.
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo, ni ibyahimbwe n’abantu ba kera, benshi batanazwi neza, bakabishyikiriza ab’icyo gihe mu mvugo gusa nta nyandiko. Babivugaga bizihiza ibitaramo, cyangwa mu minsi mikuru, kandi bagendaga babihererekanya ngo bitibagirana burundu. Ubwo buvanganzo nyemvugo bwarimo ibice bibiri: Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bw’i Bwami n’Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bw’i Bwami
Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bw’i Bwami bwabaga bugizwe ahanini n’ibisigo, ibitekerezo by’ingabo, ibyivugo, ubwiru n’amazina y’inka. Ubu buvanganzo bukubiyemo ibintu byinshi by’ingoma ya cyami n’ibijyanye nayo.
Ibisigo: Ni ubuvanganzo buhanitse bwari bugenewe Abami n’ibikorwa byabo.Amateka yabwo akaba agaragaza ko bwaba bwaratangiya ku ngoma ya Ruganzu III Ndoli.
Ibyivugo: Ni ubuvanganzo bufatiye ku byerekeye intambara.Nubwo buri mugabo byari ihame ko agira ikivugo cye,ariko siko bose bari bafite ubuhanga bwo kubihimba. Ababihimbaga babitaga ‘’intiti” akaba arizo zifashishwga mu guhimbira abandi ibyivugo. Ibyivugo rero ni nk’ibisingizo bisingiza intwari ku rugamba, bigasingiza intwaro n’ubutwari. Mu byivugo habagamo ibigwi n’ibirindiro. Nubwo habagamo amakabya menshi, ibyivugo byatumaga aba kera bagira ubutwari ku rugamba bagashira ubwoba.Ibyivugo byari ugutatu:
Ibyivugo by’iningwa: Byari bihimbitse neza ariko ari bigufi.
Ibyivugo by’imyato: Byabaga ari birebire kandi bikagira ibice bitaga’’ imyato’’
Ibyivugo by’amahomvu cyangwa by’ubuse: Ni ibyivugo bisetsa, umuntu yakeka ko bisebanya, byahimbwaga mu bitaramo by’amatorero kandi uwo babihimbiye ntarakare. Iyo yarakaraga, bamwitaga “igifura” cyangwa “ikinyamusozi”. Bigaragara ko atamenyereye ku bna n’abantu cyangwa se kuganira.
Ibitekerezo by’ingabo: Byahimbwanga n’abatekereza b’I Bwami bahereye ku byavuzwe n’Abavuzi b’amacumu.Batekereza b’i Bwami bari abahanzi b’abanyamwuga, bakajya babisubiramo mu bitaramo by’i Bwami. Nyuma yaho bikazakwira no mu bandi.Bene ibyo bitekerezo bivuga ibitero kenshi na kenshi n’ubwo havugwamo n’ibyivugo by’ingabo.
Ubwiru: Ni ibintu bikubiyebo imihango y’i Bwami n’amabanga yabwo. Ubwiru bwabaga burimo ibintu byinshi bise “inzira z’ubwiru”. Abari bashinzwe iyo mihango yose y’ubwiru babitaaga “abiru”. Muri izo nzira twavuga nka: Inzira ya Gicurasi: Ni igihe hapfaga abantu benshi
Inzira ya Rukungugu: Ni igihe inka zororokaga cyane
Inzira ya Kivu: Ni igihe cy’amapfa
Inzira y’Ishora: Ni igihe cy’imvura nyinshi Iyo mihango yose Abami n’Abiru babo babaga barayifashe mu mutwe ntibagire icyo bayihinduraho.
Amazina y’inka: Amazina y’inka ni nk’ibyivugo cyangwa ibisingizo by’inka z’inyambo.Bikaba barabivugaga bazirata, bazisingiza ku bw’akamaro zifite.Dore ko arizo zari ipfundo ry’ubukungu bwite bw’Abanyarwanda. Ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri Rubanda Nk’uko amateka y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda abigaragaza, ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda, n’ubuvanganzo bwabaga bwarabasakayemo, ibirimo byarabaye nk’isomo rigenewe buri wese bakabyigisha. Muri ubwo buvanganzo habagamo:
Imigani miremire: Imigani miremire ivuga ku bintu bitabayeho bitanashoboka, ariko bishobora kubaho. Ariko kenshi bikavugwa nk’ibyabayeho.
Imigani migufi: Imigani migufi nubwo ivugitse mu buryo bunyarutse, irusha ibindi byose kuranga umuco rusange w’abanyarwanda. Ushaka kumenya uburezi n’uburerecyangwa imibanire y’abantu bya Kinyarwanda wabisangamo. Nkuko amateka y’ubuvanganzo nyarwanda abigaragaza, umugani n’ipfundo ry’amagambo atonze neza, Gacamigani yakagiriyemo ihame ridutoza gukora iki cyangwa se kudakora kiriya. Mbese muri make umugani ni umwanzuro w’amarenga y’intekerezo. Umugani uvuga ukuri, ariko muri kamere yawo ntabwo wo uba ari ukuri.
Insigamigani: Insigamigani ni ibitekerezo bifatiye ku muntu uyu n’uyu wakoze ikintu iki n’iki kikaba iciro ry’imigani. Bityo bikaba inkomoko y’umugani. Urugero: Yaje nk’iya Gatera (Insigamigani yakomotse kuri Gatera) Yagiye kwa Ngara(Insigamigani yakomotse kuri Ngara)
Ibisakuzo: Ni umukino wo mu magambo, ibibazo n’ibisubizo bihimbaza abakuru n’abato kandi birimo ubuhanga.
Ibitekerezo: Ibitekerezo bivugwa aha, si kimwe n’iby’ingabo. Ni ibitekerezo byabaga byarahimbiwe muri rubanda bifatiye ku muntu runaka cyangwa ku buzima busanzwe. Maze bikazenguruka muri rubanda. Babitekerezaga ukwinshi rimwe na rimwe hakivangamo n’amakabyankuru Urugero: Igitekerezo cya Ngunda Igitekerezo cya Serugarukiramfizi
Inanga: Ni ubuhimbyi bujyana no gucuranga inanga bayibwira. Usangamo amagambo avugitse neza, bavuga nk’ibitero, ibisingizo by’abakomeye, urukundo, n’ibindi. Umuntu uzi gucuranga yabyigishaga umwana we cyangwa se undi wese babana
Ibihozo: Ibihozo ni amagambo aryoheye amatwi bavugiraga abageni cyangwa abana barimo kurira kugirango amajwi yabo atagera kure. Ayo majwi uko yarushagaho kuganza amarira, urimo kurira yaracecekaga ahubwo akiyumvira uwo muriri w’indiribo zuje ibihozo. Ibyo byose akaba aribyo byari bigize ubuvanganzo nyemvugo bwo muri rubanda.
Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda
Ubuvanganzo nyandiko ni ubuvanganzo bwanditse. Mu Rwanda, abanditsi batandukanye bagiye bandika ku muco, ibikorwa, ubutwari n’ibindi bitandukanye byarangaga Abanyarwanda mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Abanditsi b’abahanga bazwi ni babiri: Musenyeli Aloys BIGIRUMWAMI (Imigani Miremire; Les Rites Rwandais autour de la Mort, n’ibindi) na Alegisi KAGAME (Inganji Kalinga; Indyoheshabirayi; La Philosophie Bantoue Comparée, n’ibindi), nyamara hari n’abandi barimo Bernardin MUZUNGU (Histoire du Rwanda Sous la Colonisation; Le Mediateur entre Dieu et les Hommes; Le Dieu de nos Pères; Les Contes Moraux du Rwanda, n’ibindi); Célestin NYIRISHEMA (Ibyo ku Ngoma z’Abami b’u Rwanda Unyuze ku Muzi w’Abasuka); Jean de Dieu NSANZABERA (Subira ku Isoko; Inka z’Indatwa), n’abandi.
Ubukorikori n’ubugeni
Ubugeni gakondo tubusanga mu gihugu hose. Bufitanye isano n’umuco nyarwanda kuko abanyarwandakazi bo hambere barangwaga no kuboha utwibo n’imisambi. Inkangara n’uduseke bibohwa n’igitsina-gore, ni byo bikunze kuboneka cyane. Ubukorikori burimo ububumbyi, ububaji, n’ibindi.
Uburezi
Uburezi bwitaweho cyane mu Rwanda, haba mu mashuri abanza, ayisumbuye n’amakuru. Mu mashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye, Guverinoma yashyizeho gahunda y’uburezi kuri bose, aho buri mwana afite uburenganzira bwo guhabwa uburere ku buntu mu gihe cy’imyaka 9. Harateganywa ko guhera mu mwaka w’2015, uburere kugera ku myaka 6 y’amashuri yisumbuye buzajya butangirwa ubuntu. Ibi bizajya bikorwa gusa mu mashuri ya Leta. Nyuma y’aho u Rwanda rwinjiye mu mubano n’Umuryango wa Afurika y’Uburasirazuba (EAC) ndetse na Common Wealth, ururimi rw’uburezi muri rusange rwagizwe Icyongereza. Iyi gahunda iracyafite imbogamizi kubera abarezi batabizobereyemo, ariko amahugurwa arimo gutangwa ku buryo mu gihe kitarambiranye bazaba bamaze kwinjiramo ku buryo bukwiye. Mu mashuri makuru na za Kaminuza, u Rwanda rufite ibigo byinshi bitanga uburere mu mashami atandukanye. Ibigo bikuru ni Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda (UNR), Ikigo cy’Ubumenyi n’Ikoranabuhanga cya Kigali (KIST) n’Ishuli Rikuru Nderabarezi rya Kigali (KIE). Hari kandi ibindi bigo biri mu ntara z’u Rwanda zitandukanye.
Ubuzima
Ireme ryo kwita ku buzima mu Rwanda ryarahagurukiwe, n’ubwo ritaragera ku rwego rushimishije. Indwara zikunze guhitana umubare munini w’abaturage, ni malaria yica cyane abagore batwite n’abana bato, n’agakoko ka SIDA. Malaria yaragurukiwe ku rwego rw’igihugu, ku buryo imibare y’abahitanwaga nayo yagabanutse ku rwego rushimishije. Mu ngamba zafashwe harimo kuryama mu nzitiramubu iteye umuti, n’isuku ikibiyemo gutema ibihuru no kuvana amazi ashobora kureka hafi y’ingo z’abaturage. Harimo kandi no kugira ubwisungane mu kwivuza (mutuelle de santé), bifasha abaturage kwivuza bitabagoye mu gihe cyose umuntu afashwe n’indwara. Guverinoma y’u Rwanda ifite ingamba zo kuvugurura ireme ryo kwita ku buzima mu cyerekezo cy’igihugu cya 2020. Ingengo y’imari igenda ku gikorwa cyo kwita ku buzima yongerewe kuva kuri 4.2% kugera kuri 12%. Hongerewe kandi ibigo byigisha abaganga, igikuru muri byo kikaba ari Ishuli Rikuru ry’Ubuganga rya Kigali (KHI). Kubera izi ngamba, ubukana bw’agakoko ka Sida bwaragabanutse kugera ku kigero cya 3%.
