Makadamiya
Contents
Amateka ya Makadamiya
Makadamiya ni igiti cyera imbuto ikungahaye ku mavuta n’intungamubiri bikoreshwamu ngo no mu nganda zitunganya ibyo kurya n’imiti binyuranye.Mu Rwanda Macadamiya yahageze mu ntangiriro z’umwaka w’1970 izanywe n’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mu buhinzi n’ubworozi (ISAR),icyo gihe bayiteye muri ISAR I Rubona n’I Karama,ariko ntiyitabwaho nk’uko bikwiriye.Mu mwaka w’1985 ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na MINAGRI bwerekanye ko Macadamiya year hose mu Rwanda . mu mwaka w’2004 MINAGRI yatangiye kuyamamaza ku biryo hagati y’imyaka ya 2005 na 2010 hatewe ingemwe ziri hagati y’ibihumbi Magana atatu (300.000 )na Miriyoni imwe n’igice (1.500.000 ). Ni ukuvuga Hegitari 2.000-10.000. Dore ibitandukanya amoko ya Makadamiya ahingwa ariyo; Makadamiya Integrifolia na Macadamia Tetraphyla.
- Macadamiya Integrifolia:Irangwa no kugira umusaruro mwinshi ufite amavuta ari hejuru ya 60%. Irangwa no kugira amahwa make,ariko ntibashakwihanfanira imiyaga n’indwara kubera ko ifite imizi migufi.Urubuto rwayo ni uruziga rufite umurambararo wa mm21.5-mm27.4,amashami yayo ateye nk’umutemeri.
- Macadamia Tetraphyla: Igira umusaruro muke ufite amavuta make munsi ya 60%ahubwo ikagira isukari nyinshi.yihanganira indwara n’umuyaga kuko ifite imizi miremire.Igira amahwa menshi ku buryo kuyikenura bigorana.
Aho Macadamia yera mu Rwanda
Igiti cya Macadamia kirakura kikageza ku burebure bwa m10- m15.Gikura neza mu misozi migufi,iringaniye n’imiremire ifiteubutumburuke buri hagati ya m1200 na m1800 uturutse ku Nyanja.Gishobora no guhingwa no mu misozi migufi iri hagati ya m 750-1200 m z’ubutumburuke,n’imiremire itarengeje m2000-2200 m.Gisaba ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere 15 na dogere 28 c n’imvura iringaniye igera kuri mm800-mm1000 ku mwaka nk’uko byagaragajwe I Karama ho mu Bugesera. Imvura ishobora gusimburwa no kuhira ingemwe,cyangwa ibiti bibaye ngombwa.
-Ubusharire bw’ubutaka: 4,5-6, ahantu hari ubutaka busharira cyane ntihakunda. Icyo gihe bigusaba gushyiramo ishwagara ingana no hagati ya kilogarama 100kg na 200kg/ha mu bice bibiri mu mwaka.
-Ubutaka bw’isi ndende bw’urusekabuye.
Uturere tubereye Macadamia mu Rwanda:
-Umurambi wo hagati -Umurambi w’I burasirazuba -Inkengero z’ikiyaga cya Kivu -Akarere k’Impara
Aho yera mu rugero mu Rwanda:
-Ubugesera -Umukenke w’iburasirazuba -Isunzu rya Congo Nili. Aho yera gahoro:
-Akarere k’amakoro -Imisozi miremirey’ububeruka -Amayaga
Gutegura ubuhumbikiro
Ubuhumbikiro bwa Macadamia kimwe n’ubuhumbikiro bw’ibindi biti bushyirwa hafi y’amazi.Cyane cyane mu kabande ,hafi y’umuhanda hakaba hari n’amazi.Imbuto z’indobanure zikwiranye n’uturere nizo zigomba guterwamo.Ingero ni nka KRG 15, KMB -3,EMB-20 z’ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi mubuhinzi n’ubworozi cyo muri Kenya(KARI)Kenya Agriculture Research Institute.Mu guhumbika Macadamia hakenerwa ibi bikurikira:
1.Gutegura no kubaka imitabo y’ubuhumbikiro(germoire):imitabo igomba kugira m10-12 kuri m1 y’ubugari. Biba byiza iyo yubakishije amatafari cyangwa bloc ciment
- Gushyira itakarisanzwe mu mutabo
- Gushyiramo umusenyi muto wo mu mazi
- Kwinika imbuto za Macadamia mu mazi zikamaramo iminsi itatu.
- Muri iyo minsi itatu uhinduranya amazi kugeza ku munsiw’itera.
- Hanyuma ukoresha agacamurongo ka m1 y’uburebure na cm5 uca imirongo (silon zo guteramo imbuto)
- Batera mu mirongo ya cm 3 z’ubujyakuzimu ,mu murongo ,urubuto n’urundi bitandukanywa na cm1.
Umutabo umwe ushobora kujyamo imbuto zaMacadamia 4900-5100.Imbuto zihumbitse zimera hashize iminsi 21-28. Uvomerera buri munsi,mu gitondo,saa sita nanimugoroba.Iyo zitangiye kumera ni ngombwa ko zubakirwa zubakurwa kugirango ziticwa n’izuba kuko rizitwika imitwe.Kubaka uruhumbikiro ni ngombwa kuko ari ahantu ho kurera ingemwe.
2.Mu mitabo hagomba gukorwa isuku ikomeye kugirango harwanywe ikint cyose cyahungabanya ingemwezikimera.Iyo zimaze gukura,zimazenk’amezi atatu,ni ukuvuga nibura urugemwe rumaze amezi 4,ziragemurwa kugirango zishobore kubona icyo zirya kuko mu musenyi zibamo ntantungamubirizibamo.Iyo habonetse udusimba nk’intozi cyangwa se umuswa wihutira guteramo umuti kuko utwo dukoko dukunda imbuto za Macadamia cyane.Umuti mwiza uri ku isoko ni DURSBAN.Bavanga cc 22na1/2 muri litiro 15 z’amazi rimwe mu cyumweru hakorwa ibarura ry’imbuto zameze kugirango utegure gahunda y’igemura.
- Kugemura, Gukenura,Kubangurira, Gutera,Gusarura n‘Inyungu
Kugemura: Kugemura hakenerwa ibikoresho bikurikira;
- Arrosoir,umwiko (ukoreshwa mu kweguraurugwmwe kugirango ubone uko urukura mu ruhumbikiro),ingorofani (ikoreshwa mu gupima itaka n,ifumbire bishyirw mu bihoho),ibitiyo,amsuka,indobo,imisumari,shed net,ibiti byo kubakisha.
- Ibihoho by’umukara ,bigomba kuba bifite cm20 z’ubuhagarike,na cm15 z’umubyimba
- Ikirundo cy’ubutaka bwiza bwo hejuru bw’umukara
- Ifumbire y’imborera ikomoka ku matungo
- Ifumbire y’imborera ikomoka ku bimera
- Ifumbire mvaruganda ya NPK 20-10-10
- Uko kugemura bikorwa: Iki gikorwa gitangira bategura itaka rigomba gupakirwa mu bihoho bikorwa bitya:
-Itaka ryo hejuru ry’umukara: ingorofani 10 -Ifumbire y’imborera ikomoka ku matungo:ingorofani 3 -Ifumbire y’imborera ikomoka ku bimera;ingorofani 3 -Ifumbire mvaruganda ya NPK 20-10-10 :kg 300
Ibyo bivuzwe haruguru byose bivangirwa hamwe bakoreshaeje ibitiyo n’amasuka kugeza igihe ubonye ko byatanze imvange isa.Iyo ubutaka ari ibumba hongerwamo ingorofani 3 z’umucanga.Igikorwa cyo kugemeka kigomba gukorerwa ahantu hatwikiriye biba byiza iyo hashakaje amabati.
Mbere yo gushyira mu gihoho itaka ubanza:
-Kureba ko gitoboye kugirango urugemwe rubashe guhumeka -Ushyira urugemwe mu gihoho ukagenda ushyiramo itaka ku buryo ruguma hagati mu gihoho.Itaka ryo mu gihoho rigomba kugezaniburamugihimba k’igiti aho ryagarukiraga kikiri mu buhumbikiro.
Icyitonderwa: Ingemwe zigemurwa nibura zifite amababi 3 kugeza kuri 4
Nyuma yo kugemura, ingemwe bazishyira ahabugenewe ku buryo zitangira kwitunga (Photosynthese)Kandi urumuri n’izuba byinjiramo ku rugero rwa 40-50%, zikahamara amezi abiri.
Gukenura ingemwe zikiri mu ruhumbikiro:
- Kuhira
- Gukuramo ibyatsi bibi
- Kuzirinda amazi menshi kugirango zidafatwa n’imvura (midiou)
- Kongera ifumbire mvaruganda kuri buri rugemwe NPK 20-10-10 cyangwa CAN
2 gr/saison ku rugemwe
- Kurwanya udukoko tw’ibyonnyi; utera imiti nka Benilate, Nalstol granule et liquide, Nalathion 9pyribex 480 EC
Nyuma y’amezi 2 ingemwezishyirwa ahantu harangaye (open shed )ni ukuvuga ku zuba mu gihe cy’amezi 2-3 kugrango rukomere ruzabashe kwihanganira igikorwa cyo kubangurira.
Kubangurira
Kubangurira ibiti bya Makadamia bifite akamaro kanini cyane:
- Ingemwe zibanguriye zera vuba cyane hagati y’imyaka 3-5 mu gihe izitabanguriye zera hashize imyaka 10-12
- Ibiti bibanguriye bitanga umusaruro mwinshi kandi mwiza
- Ibiti bibanguriye ntibikunze gufatwa n’uburwayi
- Byoroshya imirimo ikorerwa mu murima
- Bituma uhitamo ubwoko utera
Ibikoresho bikenerwa mu ibangurira
- Igiti kibangurirwaho(porte greffe):agace bakoresha babangurira (greffon)
- Icyuma gikata (secateurs),umushyo(budding knif)
- Umushyo bakoresha baconga agace ko kubangurira(grafting knif)
- Isashe yo guhambiriza
- Igikombe cy’icyuma
- Amashyiga
Imirimo ikorwa:
- Guhitamo amoko akoreshwa mu kubanguria
- Kubangurira
- Gutera umuti
- Kuhira no gufunga
Makadamia zibangurirwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubangurira ku musate wok u ruhande rwo hejuru ku rugemwe (greffage en tente)
Dore ibigenderwaho mu kubangurira:
- Macadamiya Integrifolia ivaho agace gakoreshwa mu kubangurira
- Macadamia Tetraphyla ikaba ariyo iba urugemwe rubangurirwa
Igikorwa nyirizina gikorwa mu buryo bukurikira:
- Hasaturwa ku mutwe w’igiti kibangurirwaho
- Hagacongwa n’agace kagenewe kubangurira
- Agace kagiye kubangurira ugashyira muri wa musate
- Iyo ibyo birangiye ugahambiriza ya sashi uhereye hasi
- Nyuma yo kubangurira ushyiraho ibishashara bivanze na buji bitetse bigasuigwa
ahakomeretse hose no hejuru y’isashe
- Urugemwe rwabanguriwe rujyanwa ahatwikiriye na shed net 2 ariko zitwikiriwe
nanone muri tunel
- Nyuma y’amezi atatu ingemwe zafashe zijyanwa muri realing shed zitegurwa
kuzaterwa
- Izapfuye zitafashe zisubizwa hanze kubangurirwa bundi bushya.
- Gutera
-Gutegura umurima:Umurima utegurwa neza mu mpeshyi barima inshuro ebyiri hanyuma hagacukurwa imyobo ifite cm60 xcm60x cm60,mu gusiba umwobo bashyiramo udutebo tubiri tw’ifumbire y’imborera na gr60 za NPK 20-10-10 mu mwobo ,hagati y’umwobo n’undi hagomba kuba harimo m7,5 na m7,5 hagati y’umurongo n’undi cyangwa 10m x10m mu gihe uteganya kuzavangamo ibindi bihingwa.Itaka ricukuwe ritandukanwa iryo hasi n’iruo hejuru hanyuma iryo hejuru rivangwa n’ifumbire.Itaka rishyirwa mu cyobo urugemwe rugashyirwamo hagati.
- Gukenura ingemwe zatewe
- Gusasira hafi y’igiti ku karambararo ka metero 1 na none isaso ikitarura igiti kugeza kuri cm10-15
- Gushingirira igihe ari ngombwa
- Gukuraho ibisambo
- Guca imitwe igihe igiti kigeze muri m 1,5,kugirango kizabe giteze neza nk’umutemeri,Hanyuma ugenda ukata andi mashami atagize icyo amaze ku buryo umucyo winjiramo.
Macadamia ishobora kuvangwa n’indi myaka nk’imbuto cyangwa ibihingwa ngandurarugo kugera ku gihe cy’imyaka 5-10 biterwa n’uburumbuke bw’ubutaka;n’umwanya uri hagati y’igiti n’ikindi.Macadamia ikunze kuvangwa n’inanasi,marakuja,ikawa,imboga,ipapayi, soya n’ibindi.
- Umusaruro
-Imyaka 5-10 ushobora kubona umusaruro wa kg5-28 ku giti ku mwaka -Imyaka 10-15 ushobora kubona umusaruro wa kg50-75ku giti ku mwaka -Imyaka1 5-50 ushobora kubona umusaruro wa kg75-100 ku giti ku mwaka
Uyu musaruro ushobora kwiyongera bitewe nuko umuhinzi yita ku mirima ya.
-Gusarura no guhunika:Kirazira kurira igiti cya Macadamia ngo ugiye gusoroma imbuto zacyo,kuko utamenya izeze n’iziteze.imbuto iyo zeze zirihanura zigatoragurwa hagati y’umunsi wa mbere n’uwa kabiri.Iyo umaze gutoragura izo mbuto zanikwa n’ibishishwa byazo ku kidasesa gitobaguye gifite intoboro za mm6-mm7.Hanyuma zikanikwa ahantu hari igicucu kugirango zidaturagurika udusimba tukinjiramo cyangwa wa mushongi ugatemba.Hakurikiraho igikorwa cyo guhunika Macadamia ikaba ihunikwa ahantu hari ubuhehere n’ubushyuhe biringaniye hitaruye ibintu binuka kuko byakonona uburyohe n’impumuro. -Ibikorwa mu mbuto za Macadamia
Macadamia ivamo ibintu byinshi binyuranye:
- Ikoreshwa mu gukora za Jus,ibisuguti, gato ,shokora,ice cream
- Amavuta yo guteka meza cyane n’ayo kwisiga
- Ikoreshwa mu nganda z’imiti,ibiryo by’amatungo;ndetse hakavamo n’ibicanywa
- Ziribwa zumye cyangwa zikaranze
- Zikungahaye ku mavuta (73-78 %) meza akoreshwa mu guteka ,mu mu nganda z’imiti n’amavuta yo kwisiga.Ibikatsi byavuyemo amavuta bikorwamo ibiryo by’amatungo
- Ibishishwa bikoreshwa nk’ibicanwa n’ibintu by’imitako.
Ikindi ni uko Macadamia ifite ibyo umubiri ukenera byinshi nka 7,350 kcal/kg;Vitamine A,B,C n’imyunyu ikenewe ikenewe mu mubiri nka ca,p,fer.By’umwihariko amavuta ya Macadamia yogeye ku isi yose kubera kutagira ibinure bishobora gutera indwara ku buzima bw’umuntu (choresterol)
Inyungu ishobora kuva mu buhinzi bwa Makadamia
Ukurikiranye uko imirimo ikurikirana n’uko nuko ikorwa yose igahabwa agaciro usanga Macadamia yunguka cyane ku buryo igihingwa cya Macadamia cyafashwe neza gishobora kunguka kugera kuri 90%.Macadamia irakenewe cyane ku isoko mpuzamahanga ku buryo umusaruro uboneka kuri iryo isoko ungana na 45 % gusa by’umusaruro ukenewe kandi ku giciro gihanitse kiri hagati y’amadorari 10 na20 y’abanyamerika(6000 na12000)cyangwa igiciro mpuzandengo cya 9000 ku kiro Kubera ko igiti kimwe kera hagati ya kg 50na kg75 umuhinzi wa Macadamia mu Rwanda ashobora kubona amafaranga angana na 17500-26000 ku giti kimwe mu mwaka igiciro gishyizwe ku mashiringi 50 ya Kenya ni ukuvuga ko ikiro kigura amafaranga 350 y’ u Rwanda
Indwara n’udusimba byangiza Macadamia
•Iziba mubuhumbikiro
-Intozi: Mu mitabo ihumbitsemo imbuto za Macadamia hakunda kubonekamo intozi
- Uko bazirwanya:Gutera umuti wica utwo dukoko witw Dursban,ukoresha ipompo itera imiti ifite litiro 15 ,ugashyirsmo cc 22 1/2 ugatera mu mitabo.
-Akanyabwoya:Utunyabwoya dukunda kuboneka iyo imvura yaguye ari nyinshi amazi akareka aho ingemwe ziri.Twangiza amababi y’ingemwe.
- Uko bazirwanya:-Guca uduferege tw’amazi kugirango atareka mu buhumikiro
-Gutera Dursban cc 22 ½ kuri cc15 z’amazi
*Iziba mu mirima ya Makadamia
-Indwara z’uduhumyo(maladie chryptogamiques):
Tunk conker iterwa n’agahumyo kitwa phytophtora cinamoni igatuma amababi yihina kenshi na kenshi akuma.Nyuma usanga mu murima ibiti byumye
- Uko bazirwanya:
-Kwirinda amazi y’imvura areka mu mirima
-Gutera umuti witwa RIDOMIL cyangwa DITHANE M45 100g/15 litiro -Flower Blight:Irangwa no kuba ururabo ku giti ruzana amabara y’umukara bityo umusaruro ukaba muke.Mu kuyirwanya batera imiti nka Dicis wongeyeho Benlate 200g/15 l z’amazi,15cc/15l z’amazi
-Macadamia Husk Spot:Ni indwara iterwa na pseudocercospora spp:Ni agasimba gatobora imbuto za Macadamia zitaragera igihe cyo kwera zikagwa hasi,ku buryo n’ako gasimba iyo urebye neza usanga kari imbere.Ibi bituma umusaruro ubura ugasanga ukorera mu gihombo.
- Uko bayirwanya:Ukoresha umuti wa oxychlorure de cuivre igihe ibiti bitangiye kuzana ururabo,cyangwa se ushobora kuwusimbuza Ridomol na Dithane
-Udusimba (Insectes):
- Stink bug: Ni agasimba k’ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi ,amababa y’umuhondo ,gatera amagi ku mababi y’ingemwe cyangwa ibiti bikuru biri mu murima.Macadamia ziteye mu butumburuke buri hejuru ya m1400 ntizikunda gukubitana n’ako gasimba naho uziteye munsi ya m1400 kangiza umusaruro kugera kuri 50 %.Kangiza amababi y’igiti ku buryo uhora usanga mu murima amababi yahungutse yuzuye hasi
Ako gasimba bakarwanya batera umuti nka Malathion,Decis
- Nuts Borers: Ni udusimba twangiza imbuto za Macadamia tukazitobora tukinjra imbere,imbuto zigahunguka kandi bitagaragara ko zirwaye.Bayirwanya birinda ikigunda mu mirima ya Macadamia.Batera imiti nka Malathion (48 cc/15 l) cyangwa DURSBAN (CC22 ½ /15L) ishobora kutwica burundu.
- Indwara zituruka ku kubura intungamubiri
Amashami y’igiti atangira kuma,amababi agahunguka,kenshi na kenshi igiti kikaba umuhondo.
- Uko bayirwanya:
-Kwirinda amazi menshi cyana cyanecareka mu mirima -Guca uduferege tumanura amazi -Gufumbira ibiti byawe ukoresheje ifumbire y’imborera n’imvaruganda.Ku giti kimwe ukoresha g 150 za NPK 20-10-10 ,imborera ukoresha ibiro 25 ku giti
