Nili
Nili igizwe imigezi ibiri minini: Nili Yera (White Nile) izwi ku izina rya Bahr Al Jabal muri Sudani, na Nili y’Ubururu (Blue Nile) yinjiza amenshi mu mazi y’uruzi rwa Nili, ikaba ari na yo ikeshwa ifumbire iboneka mu gishanga Nili inyuramo. Nili Yera ni yo ndende, ikomoka muri Afurika y’uburasirazuba, mu gihugu cy’u Rwanda, kuri dogere 2°16′55.92″ mu majyepfo na 29°19′52.32″ 29°19′52.32″. Igice cyo haruguru cy’uru ruzi hafi ya cyose gitemba mu butayu, kuva muri Sudani kugera mu Misiri. Uhereye mu bihe bya kera, umuco w’igihugu cya Misiri wibanda kuri uru ruzi, kandi benshi mu baturage bacyo n’imijyi biherereye ku nkengero z’ikibaya cy’uru ruzi, mu majyaruguru y’icyambu cya Aswan; ibigaragaza umuco n’amateka ya Misiri yo hambere na byo biboneka ku nkengero z’uru ruzi. Uruzi rwa Nili rwiroha mu Nyanja nini (cyangwa inyanja ya Mediterane), rumaze kwigabamo udushami tubiri.
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Isoko ya Nili
Uhereye mu binyejana byo hambere, isoko y’uru ruzi yakomeje kuba amayobera. Abera bari batuye mu gihugu cya Etiyopiya guhera mu kinyejana cya 15 bakomeje gushakisha, harimo Abagiriki n’Abaroma bagerageje kwinjira muri Sudani, ariko ntibabasha kumenya isoko. Byageze n’aho Abahelene n’Abaroma bavuga ko Nili ari imana y’ingabo, ifite umutwe n’amaso bihishwe mu myambaro. N’ubwo bamwe bavuga ko uru ruzi rufite isoko yarwo mu kiyaga cya Victoria gikora ku bihugu bya Uganda, Tanzania n’igice gito cya Kenya, isoko yarwo nyirizina ni umugezi wa Rukarara uri mu ishyamba rya Nyungwe uhura na Mbirurume bikiroha muri Nyabarongo, na yo igahura n’Akanyaru bikiroha mu Kanyaru. Uru ruzi rw’Akagera rurakomeza rukiroha mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri Tanzania hafi y’umujyi wa Bukoba. Isoko nyirizina y’uru ruzi yemejwe n’umukerarugendo w’umushakashatsi Henry Morton Stanley mu mwaka w’1872, ubwo yari ari mu bushakashatsi bwe. Yavuze ko uru ruzi rubyarwa n’Akagera gaturuka mu gihugu cy’u Rwanda, kakiroha mu kiyaga cya Victoria.
Inkomoko y’izina Nili
Izina Nile rikomoka ku rurimi rwa Misiri yo hambere (hieroglyph) Ḥ'pī (cyangwa iteru), bisobanura “uruzi runini”; mu rurimi rw’Icyarabu (النيل=an-nīl) no mu rurimi rw’Igikopute ‘piaro’ cyangwa ‘phiaro’.
Imigezi yirohamo
Ikibaya uruzi rwa Nili runyuramo kibarirwa ku buso bwa kilometerokare 3,254,555, ni ukuvuga hafi 10% by’ubuso bwa Afurika yose. Inzuzi ebyiri nyamunini zigize Nili ni Nili Yera (White Nile) ari nayo ifite isoko mu gihugu cyacu cy’u Rwanda, na Nili y’Ubururu (Blue Nile) ituruka mu gihugu cya Etiyopiya. Izi nzuzi zombi zihurira i Khartoum mu murwa mukuru wa Sudani. Mbere y’uko izi nzuzi zihura, uruzi rukumbi runini ruhaboneka ni Atbara rubarirwa kuri kilometero 800 z’uburebure, rukomoka muri Etiyopiya haruguru y’ikiyaga cya Tana. Atbara itemba gusa iyo muri Etiyopiya hari imvura, kandi igakama vuba. Mu cyi cyo muri Mutarama kugera muri Kamena, uru ruzi ruba rwarakamye. Ruhurira na Nili nko ku birometero 300 uvuye i Khartoum.
Nili Yera (White Nile)
Uru ruzi rusohoka mu kiyaga cya Victoria hafi y’umujyi wa Jinja (Uganda), rwitwa Nili ya Victoria (Victoria Nile). Rukomeza intera igera kuri kilometero 500 runyuze mu kiyaga cya Kyoga, rukisuka mu kiyaga cya Albert aho rusohoka rwitwa Nili ya Albert (Albert Nile). Ruhita rutemba rwerekeza muri Sudani, aho ruzwi ku izina rya Bahr al Jabal (uruzi rwo mu misozi). Aha ni ho ruhita ruhurira n’urwitwa Bahr al Ghazal rufite uburebure bwa kilometero 716 mu kiyaga gito cya No, aho ruhita rufata izina rya Nili Yera (White Nile) Bahr al Abyad. Rwitwa rutya kubera ibumba ryera rigaragara mu mazi iyo rutemba. Iyo uru ruzi rwamenaga butaka, rwahasigaga ifumbire ituma burumbuka. Uru ruzi ntirwongeye kumena uhereye igihe hubakiwe icyambu cya Aswan mu mwaka w1970. Nili ituruka mu ruzi kiyaga cya No yerekeza i Khartoum mu murwa mukuru wa Sudani. Amazi ya Bahr al Jebal (White Nile) iyo igeze mu mujyi wa Mongalla muri Sudani aguma ku muvuduko wa 1,048 m3/s mu mwaka. Iyo irenze Mongalla, yinjira mu gishanga kinini cya Sudd muri Sudani, aho hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’amazi yayo gisigara kubera evaporation na transpiration. Amazi asigara abarirwa ku kigero cya 510 m3/s, ariko igahita ihura n’uruzi rwa Sobat mu mujyi wa Malakal. Mu gihe cy’umwaka, uruzi rwa Nili Yera rwinjiza amazi angana na 15% by’aya Nili yose guhera mu mujyi wa Malakal. Inzuzi za Bahr al Jebal na Sobat ni yo y’ingirakamaro cyane mu yiroha muri Nili Yera. Ikibaya uruzi rwa Bahr al Ghazal runyuramo, ni cyo kinini mu bibaya byose by’uruzi rwa Nili, kuko gifite kilometerokare 520,000, ariko gitanga amazi make cyane angina na 2 m3/s mu mwaka, bitewe n’amazi menshi aba yasigaye mu bibaya bya Sudd. Uruzi rwa Sobat ruhurira na Nili hepfo gato y’ikiyaga cya No, rwuhira hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy’ubutaka, km2 225,000, ariko rwongerera Nili amazi angana na meterokibe 412 ku isegonda (412m3) mu mwaka. Uruzi rwa Sobat, iyo rwuzuye rumanukana imyanda myinshi bigatuma amazi ya Nili Yera ahindura ibara. Ikigero cy’amazi ya Nili Yera i Malakal, ni ukuvuga munsi y’uruzi rwa Sobat, ni 924 m3/s; ikigero cyo hejuru ni 1,218 m3/s m’Ukwakira, na 609 m3/s muri Mata. Mu cyi (Mutarama-Kamena), Nili Yera itakaza amazi ari hagati ya 70% na 90% by’amazi yose Nili itakaza.
Nili y’Ubururu (Blue Nile)
Uru ruzi rusohoka mu kiyaga cya Tana mu misozi miremire ya Etiopiya, hafi y’umujyi wa Bahir Dar. Rutemba intera ya kilometero 1,400 rwerekeza i Khartoum aho ruhurira na Nili Year bigakora Nili muri rusange. 90% by’amazi na 96% by’imyanda igenda mu ruzi rwa Nili, bituruka mu gihugu cya Etiyopiya, harimo 59% by’amazi aturuka muri Nili y’Ubururu, naho amazi asigaye aturuka mu nzuzi za Tekezé, Atbarah, Sobat, n’izindi nto. Imyanda n’amazi menshi biboneka iyo imvura ari urushyana ku ruhererekane rw’imisozi ya Etiyopiya, naho mu gihe cy’imvura nke amazi aragabanuka, cyane cyane muri izi nzuzi nto. 80-90% byamazi asohoka mu ruzi rwa Nili, asohorwa na Nili y’Ubururu. Amazi y’uru ruzi aragabanuka ku buryo butandukanye buri mwaka, kandi ni rwo rukeshwa ibyiza bitandukanye dusanga mu mitembere y’uruzi rwa Nili. Mu gihe cy’imvura, amazi ya Nili y’Ubururu atemba ku kigero cya 5,663 m3/s. n’ubwo ibyambu byubatse hejuru y’uru ruzi bitegeka imitembere yayo, amazi asohokamo mu gihe cy’amapfa ashobora kugera ku kigero cya 113 m3/s. Mbere y’uko uru ruzi rushyirwaho ibyambu, amazi asohokamo yahindukagaho 15 ku cyambu cya Aswan. Amazi yashoboraga gutemba ku kigero cyo hejuru cya 8,212 m3/s muri Kanama no mu ntangiriro za Nzeli, naho ikigero cyo hasi kikaba 552 m3/s muri Mata no mu ntangiriro za Gicurasi.
Nili y’Umuhondo (Yellow Nile)
Uruzi rwa Nili y’Umuhondo (The Yellow Nile), ni rwo rwahuzaga Nili nini n’imisozi ya Ouaddaï yo muri Cadi y’uburasirazuba mu myaka ya za 8000 kugera mu 1000 mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu. Igice cyayo gisigaye kizwi ku izina rya Wadi Howar. Wadi inyura i Darfur hafi y’umupaka wa Sudani mu majyaruguru na Cadi, igahurira na Nili hafi y’igice cya ruguru y’ubwihiniro bunini (the Great Bend) bwa Nili. Mu gihugu cya Sudani, Nili ifite insumo zigera muri esheshatu, urwa mbere ku cyambu cya Aswan urwa gatandatu i Sabaloka (haruguru gato ya Khartoum), hanyuma rugasubira hepfo mbere yo gutemba rukomeza mu Misiri. Aha hantu hitwa "Great Bend of the Nile", tugenekereje ni ukuvuga “Ubwihiniro bunini bwa Nili”.
Imigezi isohokamo
Haruguro ya Cairo (umurwa mukuru wa Misiri), Nili yigabanyamo amashami (distributaries) abiri yiroha mu Nyanja nini (Mediterane), ari na yo agize Delta ya Nili: Ishami rya Rosetta riri mu burengerazuba, n’irya Damietta riri mu burasirazuba. Aha wakwibaza uti kuki uruzi runini rutya rusohokwamo n’imigezi mike. Impamvu ni uko Nili inyura mu kibaya, bityo bigatuma nta ho amazi ashobora gutembera. Ikindi ni uko kugira ngo uruzi rusohore amazi, bituruka ku mpamvu nyinshi zirimo ikirere, kuyoba (ari byo bidashobokla kubera ikibaya), evaporation na evapotranspiration, ndetse n’ubutaka amazi atemberaho.
Uruhare rwa Nili mu kwimakaza umuco wa Misiri
Herodote, Umunyamateka mukuru w’Umugereki, yanditse ko Misiri ari impano ya Nili. Uru ruzi rufashije Misiri ku buryo bugaragara rwagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’umuco w’Abanyamisiri: •Imyanda imanukamo ituma ubutaka burumbuka, kuko rumena ku nkombe buri mwaka. Abanyamisiri bagiye bahinga bakanagurisha ingano n’ibindi bihingwa mu gishanga cya Nili. Izi ngano zabaye igihingwa igisubizo ku bihugu byo mu burasira bwo hagati bwakunze kuyogozwa n’inzara. Ubu bucuruzi bwagize uruhare mu kwimakaza ububanyi n’amahanga mu gihugu cya Misiri, ndetse butuma ubukungu butajegajega.
•Ubucuruzi butandukanye bwagiye bukorwa hifashishijwe uruzi rwa Nili mu bihe byo hambere. Igufwa ryitwa Ishango ryavumbuwe hafi y’uru ruzi mu myaka ya za 20,000 mbere ya Yesu (bugufi y’ikiyaga cya Edward, mu majyaruguru y’uburasirazuba bwa Kongo) ni ryo riranga iterambere rya Misiri yo hambere.
•Imbogo zo mu mazi zageze mu Misiri ziturutse muri Aziya, n’Abaperesi binjizamo ingamiya mu kinyejana cya 7. Izi nyamaswa ziraribwa, zikanakoreshwa mu buhinzi; ingamiya zo zinakoreshwa mu kwikorera.
•Uru ruzi kandi rwagiye rwifashishwa mu gutwara abantu n’ibintu. Amato akoresha umuyaga, amanuka n’azamuka muri uru ruzi rufite ubugari bwa kilometero 8 zose, arifashishwa cayane mu gutwara mu cyi. •Uru ruzi rero rufatiye runini abantu n’amatungo, cyane ko runyura mu gice kinini cy’ubutayu.
Nili mu gihe cyacu
Nili ibyarwa n’inzuzi z’Akagera na Ruvubu zihurira hafi yo ku Rusumo. Nili inyura hagati muri Cairo, umurwa mukuru wa Misiri.
