Difference between revisions of "Amateka y’inzara ya Ruzagayura yo mu 1943-1944"
| (3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| − | '''''Inzara ya Ruzagayura''' yatangiye ahagana mu Kwakira kw’i 1943. Yatewe | + | '''''Inzara ya Ruzagayura''' yatangiye ahagana mu Kwakira kw’i 1943. Yatewe n’[[amapfa]] yamaze [[imyaka]] ibiri. Ayo mapfa yatangiye muri[[ Nzeri]] 1942, yongera kubaho nyuma gato y’[[itumba]] ryo mu 1943.'' |
| − | Ruzagayura yatewe kandi n’igabanyuka | + | Ruzagayura yatewe kandi n’igabanyuka ry[[’ibiribwa]] ryaturutse ku ndwara y’[[ibirayi]] bita « mildiou/mildew », ndetse no ku ndwara y’[[ibishyimbo]] bita « chortophila » no ku ndwara y’[[ibijumba]] bita « rhizoctonia/rhizoctonie ». Nk’uko bigaragara, izo ndwara zibasiye ibiribwa by’ibanze by’[[Abanyarwanda]] b’icyo gihe. |
| − | Inzara ya Ruzagayura yongerewe ubukana | + | [[Inzara]] ya Ruzagayura yongerewe ubukana n’[[intambara]] ndetse n’uko icyo gihe [[Abanyarwanda]] bagombaga guha umusanzu Leta nkoloni y’Ababiligi yari ihanganye n’ingabo za Adolf Hitler mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi yose (war effort/ effort de guerre). Uwo musanzu wari ugizwe n’ibiribwa n’amatungo. |
| − | Abanyarwanda batangaga inka, ibishyimbo, amasaka, amashaza byo kugaburira | + | [[Abanyarwanda]] batangaga[[ inka]],[[ ibishyimbo]], [[amasaka]], [[amashaza]] byo kugaburira [[abasirikare]] b’abanyekongo ndetse n’[[abakozi]] bo mu birombe byo muri Congo. |
| − | Usibye ibiribwa | + | Usibye ibiribwa n’[[amatungo]], umusanzu w’Abanyarwanda muri iyo ntambara wari ugizwe n’imirimo y’[[agahato]] irimo guharura [[imihanda]], kubumba [[amatafari]], gutwara [[imizigo]] y’abakoloni, gukora mu birombe bya [[zahabu]] na coltan, guhinga[[ibireti]] byakoreshwaga mu gutunganya [[umuti]] wica [[udukoko]] . |
| − | Inzara ya Ruzagayura yiswe amazina menshi bitewe | + | Inzara ya Ruzagayura yiswe[[ amazina]] menshi bitewe n’[[ubukana]] yagiye igaragaza mu turere dutandukanye tw’u Rwanda. Mu majyepfo yiswe Ruzagayura. Mu duce dutandukanye tw’uburasirazuba yiswe [[Rujukundi]],[[Rwanyirarushenyi]], [[Rwakinyebuye]] cyangwa se [[Rwakabetezi]]. |
| − | Mu majyaruguru, mu bice bya za Gisenyi na Ruhengeri yiswe Rudakangwimishanana, Rugaragazabadakekwa na Nyirahuku. Hagati mu gihugu ndetse n’amajyaruguru y’iburasirazuba, mu bice bya Byumba, iyo nzara yari izwi ka Matemane. Mu burengerazuba, muri territoire ya Kibuye, yiswe Gahoro. | + | Mu majyaruguru, mu bice bya za [[Gisenyi]] na [[Ruhengeri]] yiswe [[Rudakangwimishanana]], [[Rugaragazabadakekwa]] na [[Nyirahuku]]. Hagati mu gihugu ndetse n’amajyaruguru y’iburasirazuba, mu bice bya [[Byumba]], iyo nzara yari izwi ka [[Matemane]]. Mu burengerazuba, muri territoire ya [[Kibuye]], yiswe [[Gahoro]]. |
| − | Iyo nzara yagize ubukana bwinshi mu majyaruguru, mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y’igihugu. Mu bice bya Cyangugu niho honyine hatigeze hahura n’iyo nzara ku mpamvu z’ikirere cyayo. Ikindi, iyo ntara yari yegeranye na Congo Mbiligi ku buryo itari kugira ikibazo cyo kubura ibiribwa. Ahubwo yakiraga abantu bavuye mu zindi ntara nka Astrida cyangwa se Gisenyi. | + | Iyo nzara yagize ubukana bwinshi mu majyaruguru, mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y’igihugu. Mu bice bya Cyangugu niho honyine hatigeze hahura n’iyo nzara ku mpamvu z’ikirere cyayo. Ikindi, iyo ntara yari yegeranye na Congo Mbiligi ku buryo itari kugira ikibazo cyo kubura ibiribwa. Ahubwo yakiraga abantu bavuye mu zindi ntara nka [[Astrida]] cyangwa se [[Gisenyi]]. |
| − | Mu gihe cya Ruzagayura, uduce tw’imisozi ihanamye, uduce | + | Mu gihe cya Ruzagayura, uduce tw’imisozi ihanamye, uduce tw’[[ubutaka]] busharira, uduce turangwamo[[isuri]] nitwo twababaye cyane kurusha utundi. Muri utwo duce kimwe n’ahandi, [[abaturage]] barazahaye ku buryo benshi bamaraga iminsi 2 cyangwa se 3 batariye. Benshi inzara yarabicaga. Abaryaga, wasangaga barya [[inguri]] (imizi y’insina), imizi y’ibiti, [[amareberebe]], [[umutsima]] uvuye mu [[ifu]] ya barakatsi (acacia) cyangwa se y’[[intembe]] y’[[insina]]. Iyo ndyo idasanzwe nta gushidikanya ko nayo yishe abantu benshi muri icyo gihe. |
| − | Abafite agatege barasuhukaga bakajya gushaka aho bakura ibiribwa cyangwa se aho bagurana ibikoresho byabo n’ibiribwa. Benshi wasangaga barananutse nk’uko bigaragara ku mafoto y’icyo gihe. Babitaga ingarisi kubera uko babaga barashizemo. Izo « ngarisi » kimwe n’imirambo y’abitabye Imana biri mu bintu byaranze iyo nzara. Iyo mirambo yasangwaga hafi y’imihanda, mu mirima, mu mashyamba, ku nkengero z’inzuzi n’ahandi henshi. | + | Abafite agatege barasuhukaga bakajya gushaka aho bakura ibiribwa cyangwa se aho bagurana ibikoresho byabo n’ibiribwa. Benshi wasangaga barananutse nk’uko bigaragara ku mafoto y’icyo gihe. Babitaga ingarisi kubera uko babaga barashizemo. Izo « ngarisi » kimwe n’imirambo y’abitabye [[Imana]] biri mu bintu byaranze iyo nzara. Iyo mirambo yasangwaga hafi y’imihanda, mu mirima, mu mashyamba, ku nkengero z’inzuzi n’ahandi henshi. |
| − | Umuntu yakwibaza ati ese ni iki abayobozi b’abakoloni bakoze mu kuyirwanya ? Ese ni iki Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa n’abatware bakoze mu kuyihashya ? Ese ni iki abamisiyoneri bakoze mu kuyirwanya ? Ese iyo nzara yagize izihe ngaruka ku banyarwanda ? | + | Umuntu yakwibaza ati ese ni iki [[abayobozi]] b’abakoloni bakoze mu kuyirwanya ? Ese ni iki Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa n’abatware bakoze mu kuyihashya ? Ese ni iki abamisiyoneri bakoze mu kuyirwanya ? Ese iyo nzara yagize izihe ngaruka ku banyarwanda ? |
| − | Nyuma y’uko hafashwe ingamba zinyuranye zo kurwanya inzara ya Ruzagayura, abaturage babishishikarijwemo n’abategetsi b’abakoloni ndetse n’abatware bahinganye ubwira. Ibyo byatumye inzara irangira, nyamara yasigiye Abanyarwanda benshi ingaruka ziremereye. | + | Nyuma y’uko hafashwe [[ingamba]] zinyuranye zo kurwanya inzara ya Ruzagayura, abaturage babishishikarijwemo n’abategetsi b’abakoloni ndetse n’abatware bahinganye ubwira. Ibyo byatumye inzara irangira, nyamara yasigiye Abanyarwanda benshi ingaruka ziremereye. |
| − | Guhera mu ntangiriro z’i 1944, Abanyarwanda bahinze ibishyimbo, amashaza, ibirayi, imyumbati n’ibijumba. Kubera uburumbuke bw’imvura yaguye mu buryo buhagije, umusaruro wariyongereye, ibigega byongera guhunikwamo, abari barasuhutse bagaruka mu ngo zabo. Ubwo abamisiyoneri bahagaritse gutanga amafunguro. Inkambi z’ingarisi zirafungwa. Nuko ahagana muri Nyakanga 1944, abategetsi b’abakoloni bahagarika kohereza amakamyo y’ibiribwa mu Rwanda. Mu mpera z’umwaka w’i 1944, aba aribwo hatangazwa ko inzara yarangiye mu gihugu. | + | Guhera mu ntangiriro z’i 1944, Abanyarwanda bahinze ibishyimbo, amashaza, ibirayi, imyumbati n’ibijumba. Kubera uburumbuke bw’imvura yaguye mu buryo buhagije, umusaruro wariyongereye, [[ibigega]] byongera guhunikwamo, abari barasuhutse bagaruka mu ngo zabo. Ubwo abamisiyoneri bahagaritse gutanga [[amafunguro]]. [[Inkambi]] z’ingarisi zirafungwa. Nuko ahagana muri Nyakanga 1944, abategetsi b’abakoloni bahagarika kohereza amakamyo y’ibiribwa mu Rwanda. Mu mpera z’umwaka w’i 1944, aba aribwo hatangazwa ko inzara yarangiye mu gihugu. |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | N’ubwo inzara ya Ruzagayura yamaze umwaka umwe, yahitanye abantu benshi cyane. Abamisiyoneri b’abagatolika batangaje muri raporo ngarumwaka yo hagati y’i 1939 n’i 1945, ko u Rwanda rwatakaje abantu bagera ku 300 000, harimo n’abasuhukiye mu bindi bihugu nka Tanganyika, Uganda na Congo Mbiligi. Muri iyo raporo bavugaga ko abasuhutse bageraga ku 75 000. | |
| − | Ibyo byateje umutekano muke mu gihugu, bizana urwikekwe | + | Iyo mibare yaturutse muri raporo z’abategetsi b’Ababiligi, nabo bayihawe n’[[abatware]] b’[[Abanyarwanda]]. Gusa nk’uko nabo babyivugira, ababaruraga bibagirwaga rimwe na rimwe kubara abana, abagore, abarwayi n’abasheshe akanguhe bapfuye cyangwa se bahunze iyo nzara. Ibyo bituma rero umuntu yibaza niba iyo nzara itaba yarahitanye abantu barenga umubare w’abatangajwe muri ayo raporo ! |
| + | |||
| + | Inzara ya Ruzagayura yangije kandi byinshi, itera n’[[ubujura]] bukabije mu gihugu. Ubwo bujura bwakwiye mu turere twose tw’u Rwanda, cyane cyane utwari twarayogojwe n’[[inzara]]. Bwakorwaga n’ingeri zose z’Abanyarwanda : [[Abana]], [[abagabo]], [[abagore]], [[abafundi]], [[abakozi]] b’[[abapadiri]] bibaga ibiribwa mu mirima y’abaturage, mu bubiko bwa misiyoni, mu ngo z’abaturage n’ahandi hantu henshi. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’u Rwanda, nko muri teritwari ya [[Gisenyi]], ubwo bujura bwafashe indi ntera kugera aho [[abaturage]] batatinyaga gutega ku nzira bagenzi babo bavuye kuri za misiyoni bakabagusha mu gico cyabo (ambush, embuscade), maze bakabambura ibiribwa bahawe. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ibyo byateje [[umutekano]] muke mu gihugu, bizana [[urwikekwe]] n’[[umujinya]] mwinshi mu Banyarwanda. Ahanini, uwo mujinya waturukaga ku bukarihe bw’inzara no ku buremere bw’umusanzu watangwaga n’[[Abanyarwanda]]. Muri uwo musanzu niho habarizwaga [[imirimo]] y’[[agatunambwene]]. Muri iyo mirimo, Abanyarwanda bakubitwaga [[ikiboko]] ubutitsa. Ibyo byatumye bijundika abatware n’abategetsi b’Ababiligi. Abatware batakubitaga abaturage ikiboko barahanwaga. Aha twavuga nk’abatware François Rwabutogo, wo mu Buganza na Simon Nyiringondo wo mu Mirenge, bahanishijwe kunyagwa inka zabo kubera ko batakubise abo bayoboye cyangwa se ngo babakoreshe mu bundi buryo bukarishye. | ||
Abatware nabo bageze aho barakarira cyane Ababiligi kubera ibyo babakoreshaga. | Abatware nabo bageze aho barakarira cyane Ababiligi kubera ibyo babakoreshaga. | ||
| − | Abanyarwanda barakariye kandi abamisiyoneri kuberako bananirwaga kubavugira, ahubwo ugasanga bafatanya n’abategetsi b’Ababiligi mu gukarishya imibereho yabo. Uwo mujinya watumye ndetse Abanyarwanda bifuza guhindurirwa igihugu kibakoloniza. Bamwe muri bo batangiye icyo gihe gutekereza kurwanirira ubwigenge n’ubusugire by’igihugu cyabo. | + | [[Abanyarwanda]] barakariye kandi abamisiyoneri kuberako bananirwaga kubavugira, ahubwo ugasanga bafatanya n’abategetsi b’Ababiligi mu gukarishya [[imibereho]] yabo. Uwo mujinya watumye ndetse Abanyarwanda bifuza guhindurirwa igihugu kibakoloniza. Bamwe muri bo batangiye icyo gihe gutekereza kurwanirira ubwigenge n’ubusugire by’igihugu cyabo. |
| + | |||
| + | ==Hifashishijwe== | ||
| + | Dantès Singiza,La famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944) : causes, conséquences et réactions des autorités | ||
[[Category:Amateka]] | [[Category:Amateka]] | ||
Latest revision as of 08:10, 20 June 2012
Inzara ya Ruzagayura yatangiye ahagana mu Kwakira kw’i 1943. Yatewe n’amapfa yamaze imyaka ibiri. Ayo mapfa yatangiye muri Nzeri 1942, yongera kubaho nyuma gato y’itumba ryo mu 1943.
Ruzagayura yatewe kandi n’igabanyuka ry’ibiribwa ryaturutse ku ndwara y’ibirayi bita « mildiou/mildew », ndetse no ku ndwara y’ibishyimbo bita « chortophila » no ku ndwara y’ibijumba bita « rhizoctonia/rhizoctonie ». Nk’uko bigaragara, izo ndwara zibasiye ibiribwa by’ibanze by’Abanyarwanda b’icyo gihe. Inzara ya Ruzagayura yongerewe ubukana n’intambara ndetse n’uko icyo gihe Abanyarwanda bagombaga guha umusanzu Leta nkoloni y’Ababiligi yari ihanganye n’ingabo za Adolf Hitler mu ntambara ya kabiri y’isi yose (war effort/ effort de guerre). Uwo musanzu wari ugizwe n’ibiribwa n’amatungo.
Abanyarwanda batangaga inka, ibishyimbo, amasaka, amashaza byo kugaburira abasirikare b’abanyekongo ndetse n’abakozi bo mu birombe byo muri Congo. Usibye ibiribwa n’amatungo, umusanzu w’Abanyarwanda muri iyo ntambara wari ugizwe n’imirimo y’agahato irimo guharura imihanda, kubumba amatafari, gutwara imizigo y’abakoloni, gukora mu birombe bya zahabu na coltan, guhingaibireti byakoreshwaga mu gutunganya umuti wica udukoko .
Inzara ya Ruzagayura yiswe amazina menshi bitewe n’ubukana yagiye igaragaza mu turere dutandukanye tw’u Rwanda. Mu majyepfo yiswe Ruzagayura. Mu duce dutandukanye tw’uburasirazuba yiswe Rujukundi,Rwanyirarushenyi, Rwakinyebuye cyangwa se Rwakabetezi.
Mu majyaruguru, mu bice bya za Gisenyi na Ruhengeri yiswe Rudakangwimishanana, Rugaragazabadakekwa na Nyirahuku. Hagati mu gihugu ndetse n’amajyaruguru y’iburasirazuba, mu bice bya Byumba, iyo nzara yari izwi ka Matemane. Mu burengerazuba, muri territoire ya Kibuye, yiswe Gahoro.
Iyo nzara yagize ubukana bwinshi mu majyaruguru, mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo y’igihugu. Mu bice bya Cyangugu niho honyine hatigeze hahura n’iyo nzara ku mpamvu z’ikirere cyayo. Ikindi, iyo ntara yari yegeranye na Congo Mbiligi ku buryo itari kugira ikibazo cyo kubura ibiribwa. Ahubwo yakiraga abantu bavuye mu zindi ntara nka Astrida cyangwa se Gisenyi.
Mu gihe cya Ruzagayura, uduce tw’imisozi ihanamye, uduce tw’ubutaka busharira, uduce turangwamoisuri nitwo twababaye cyane kurusha utundi. Muri utwo duce kimwe n’ahandi, abaturage barazahaye ku buryo benshi bamaraga iminsi 2 cyangwa se 3 batariye. Benshi inzara yarabicaga. Abaryaga, wasangaga barya inguri (imizi y’insina), imizi y’ibiti, amareberebe, umutsima uvuye mu ifu ya barakatsi (acacia) cyangwa se y’intembe y’insina. Iyo ndyo idasanzwe nta gushidikanya ko nayo yishe abantu benshi muri icyo gihe.
Abafite agatege barasuhukaga bakajya gushaka aho bakura ibiribwa cyangwa se aho bagurana ibikoresho byabo n’ibiribwa. Benshi wasangaga barananutse nk’uko bigaragara ku mafoto y’icyo gihe. Babitaga ingarisi kubera uko babaga barashizemo. Izo « ngarisi » kimwe n’imirambo y’abitabye Imana biri mu bintu byaranze iyo nzara. Iyo mirambo yasangwaga hafi y’imihanda, mu mirima, mu mashyamba, ku nkengero z’inzuzi n’ahandi henshi.
Umuntu yakwibaza ati ese ni iki abayobozi b’abakoloni bakoze mu kuyirwanya ? Ese ni iki Umwami Mutara III Rudahigwa n’abatware bakoze mu kuyihashya ? Ese ni iki abamisiyoneri bakoze mu kuyirwanya ? Ese iyo nzara yagize izihe ngaruka ku banyarwanda ?
Nyuma y’uko hafashwe ingamba zinyuranye zo kurwanya inzara ya Ruzagayura, abaturage babishishikarijwemo n’abategetsi b’abakoloni ndetse n’abatware bahinganye ubwira. Ibyo byatumye inzara irangira, nyamara yasigiye Abanyarwanda benshi ingaruka ziremereye.
Guhera mu ntangiriro z’i 1944, Abanyarwanda bahinze ibishyimbo, amashaza, ibirayi, imyumbati n’ibijumba. Kubera uburumbuke bw’imvura yaguye mu buryo buhagije, umusaruro wariyongereye, ibigega byongera guhunikwamo, abari barasuhutse bagaruka mu ngo zabo. Ubwo abamisiyoneri bahagaritse gutanga amafunguro. Inkambi z’ingarisi zirafungwa. Nuko ahagana muri Nyakanga 1944, abategetsi b’abakoloni bahagarika kohereza amakamyo y’ibiribwa mu Rwanda. Mu mpera z’umwaka w’i 1944, aba aribwo hatangazwa ko inzara yarangiye mu gihugu.
N’ubwo inzara ya Ruzagayura yamaze umwaka umwe, yahitanye abantu benshi cyane. Abamisiyoneri b’abagatolika batangaje muri raporo ngarumwaka yo hagati y’i 1939 n’i 1945, ko u Rwanda rwatakaje abantu bagera ku 300 000, harimo n’abasuhukiye mu bindi bihugu nka Tanganyika, Uganda na Congo Mbiligi. Muri iyo raporo bavugaga ko abasuhutse bageraga ku 75 000.
Iyo mibare yaturutse muri raporo z’abategetsi b’Ababiligi, nabo bayihawe n’abatware b’Abanyarwanda. Gusa nk’uko nabo babyivugira, ababaruraga bibagirwaga rimwe na rimwe kubara abana, abagore, abarwayi n’abasheshe akanguhe bapfuye cyangwa se bahunze iyo nzara. Ibyo bituma rero umuntu yibaza niba iyo nzara itaba yarahitanye abantu barenga umubare w’abatangajwe muri ayo raporo !
Inzara ya Ruzagayura yangije kandi byinshi, itera n’ubujura bukabije mu gihugu. Ubwo bujura bwakwiye mu turere twose tw’u Rwanda, cyane cyane utwari twarayogojwe n’inzara. Bwakorwaga n’ingeri zose z’Abanyarwanda : Abana, abagabo, abagore, abafundi, abakozi b’abapadiri bibaga ibiribwa mu mirima y’abaturage, mu bubiko bwa misiyoni, mu ngo z’abaturage n’ahandi hantu henshi. Mu turere tumwe na tumwe tw’u Rwanda, nko muri teritwari ya Gisenyi, ubwo bujura bwafashe indi ntera kugera aho abaturage batatinyaga gutega ku nzira bagenzi babo bavuye kuri za misiyoni bakabagusha mu gico cyabo (ambush, embuscade), maze bakabambura ibiribwa bahawe.
Ibyo byateje umutekano muke mu gihugu, bizana urwikekwe n’umujinya mwinshi mu Banyarwanda. Ahanini, uwo mujinya waturukaga ku bukarihe bw’inzara no ku buremere bw’umusanzu watangwaga n’Abanyarwanda. Muri uwo musanzu niho habarizwaga imirimo y’agatunambwene. Muri iyo mirimo, Abanyarwanda bakubitwaga ikiboko ubutitsa. Ibyo byatumye bijundika abatware n’abategetsi b’Ababiligi. Abatware batakubitaga abaturage ikiboko barahanwaga. Aha twavuga nk’abatware François Rwabutogo, wo mu Buganza na Simon Nyiringondo wo mu Mirenge, bahanishijwe kunyagwa inka zabo kubera ko batakubise abo bayoboye cyangwa se ngo babakoreshe mu bundi buryo bukarishye.
Abatware nabo bageze aho barakarira cyane Ababiligi kubera ibyo babakoreshaga.
Abanyarwanda barakariye kandi abamisiyoneri kuberako bananirwaga kubavugira, ahubwo ugasanga bafatanya n’abategetsi b’Ababiligi mu gukarishya imibereho yabo. Uwo mujinya watumye ndetse Abanyarwanda bifuza guhindurirwa igihugu kibakoloniza. Bamwe muri bo batangiye icyo gihe gutekereza kurwanirira ubwigenge n’ubusugire by’igihugu cyabo.
Hifashishijwe
Dantès Singiza,La famine Ruzagayura (Rwanda, 1943-1944) : causes, conséquences et réactions des autorités
